In greyhounds, grey (G) is dominant to white (g), Fast (F) is dominant to slow (
ID: 24188 • Letter: I
Question
In greyhounds, grey (G) is dominant to white (g), Fast (F) is dominant to slow (f) and Tall (T) is dominant to short (t). All loci are autosomal. Pure-breeding grey, slow, short dogs were mated to pure-breeding white, fast, tall dogs. The F1 were testcrossed. Based on the map below and a coefficient of coincidence of 0.82, determine the frequency of each phenotype in the testcross progeny. Show your math setup in the space provided. Keep at least 4 decimal digits on your answers.Color 6 Speed 15 Height
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Give the math setup and the final answer for the following phenotypes:
White, Fast
Fast, Tall
?Gray, Fast
?Gray, Slow, Short
White, Short
?White, Slow, Short
?White, Tall
????Gray, Fast, Short
???
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Explanation / Answer
Instructions 1 Perform a test cross. In genetics, a test cross is an experiment where two individuals are bred to identify patterns of inheritance for specific genes. A gene can have different versions or variants, called alleles. Alleles may have different effects on an organism's characteristics. One allele of a given gene, for example, might produce albino coloration, while the other allele might produce normal pigmentation. Alleles can be recessive, in which case the organism must inherit two copies of the allele for the trait associated with it to be expressed; or they can be dominant, in which case only one allele is sufficient for expression of the trait. When performing a test cross to calculate recombination frequencies, you'll want to cross an individual that is heterozygous for each of two genes (i.e. has one dominant allele and one recessive allele for each of the two genes) with an individual that is homozygous recessive (i.e. has only recessive alleles for both genes). 2 Count the number of offspring with different characteristics. If you're working this kind of problem on a genetics test or homework problem, these numbers will be given to you. Typically, if you're considering only two traits or genes in the cross, you should find four types of progeny. To take one hypothetical example, imagine that you are crossbreeding a cucumber plant that has warty dull fruit with a cucumber that has smooth glossy fruit, and imagine that the alleles for wartiness and dullness are dominant. Some of the progeny plants might have warty dull fruit, others warty glossy fruit, still others smooth dull fruit, and still others smooth glossy fruit. 3 Determine the ratio of phenotypes among the progeny. A phenotype is an observable characteristic. If we were looking at cucumbers, for example, warty and dull fruit would be a different phenotype from warty and glossy fruit. For a test cross with two genes between a heterozygous individual and a homozygous recessive individual, if roughly one-quarter of the progeny fall into each of the four phenotypic categories, the recombination frequency is 50 percent. If there are many more progeny in two of the phenotypic categories than in the other two, however, the two categories that are most common are nonrecombinants. If you find this latter scenario is a better description of what you observe, proceed to the next step. 4 Add up the total number of recombinant progeny (the number of progeny from the two phenotypic categories that form a smaller portion of the progeny) and divide it by the total number of progeny to obtain the recombination frequency. Tips & Warnings The procedure outlined above works for test crosses with two genes; for test crosses with three genes the procedure is similar but more complicated.