Part A - Alterations of Pulmonary Function Identify five or more common signs an
ID: 248224 • Letter: P
Question
Part A - Alterations of Pulmonary Function
Identify five or more common signs and symptoms that make you suspect the patient is experiencing respiratory distress. List at least three possible treatments or interventions that could be done immediately to minimize the respiratory distress.
Compare and contrast either pneumonia OR asthma types based on pathophysiology, etiology, and symptoms:
Lobar pneumonia versus bronchopneumonia OR
Extrinsic asthma versus intrinsic asthma
Part B - Acid-Base Balance
Describe the differences between acidosis and alkalosis. What are the roles of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems in maintaining acid-base balance?
Identify the effects on bicarbonate, carbon dioxide and decompensated serum pH for EACH of the following acid-base imbalances and potential health conditions that may cause it:
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Explanation / Answer
PART -A
(i) Sign symptoms of Respiratory distress:-
- Rapid breathing
- General weakness and fatigue
- Skin and nails discoloration
- fever and headache
- mental confusion.
(ii) Treatment of Respiratory distress:-
(a) Tracheal intubation -to keep the airway open.
(b)CPAP(Continuous positive airway pressure)
(c) Oxygen therapy
(d) induced coma to protect Brain.
(ii) Lobar pneumonia vs. bronchopneumonia:-
- Bronchopneumonia:- characterised by patchy foci of consolidation distributed in one or more lobes of one or both lungs.
- Lobar pneumonia:-characterized by acute inflammation of entire lobe or lungs.
- it contain four stages -congestion,red hepatization,grey hepatization and resolution.
PART- B
(i) ACIDOSIS:- it is defined as reduction in pH below normal range.
- it is caused by Increased CO2 concentration in arterial blood.
ALKALOSIS:-
- It is defined as increase in pH above the normal range.
- it is produced by decrease in CO2 concentration in arterial blood.
(ii) Respiratory acidosis:-
- caused by alveolar hypoventilation then CO2 concentration is increased in arterial blood.
-CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid.
-Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3 and increased H+ concentration in blood leads to decrease in pH and acidosis.
(b) Respiratory alkalosis:-
- it is caused by alveolar hyperventilation then excess loss of CO2 from the body.
- It decrease formation of carbonic acid and decreased release of H+.
- Decreased H+ concentration increases the pH leading to respiratory alkalosis.
(c) Metabolic acidosis:-
-it is excess accumulation of organic acids caused by abnormal metabolic processes.
- lactic acid, ketoacids and uric acid are increased due to abnormality in the metabolism.
(d) Metabolic alkalosis:-
- it is caused by loss of excess H+ resulting in increased HCO3 – concentration.
- it leads to loss of H+. It increases HCO3 – and pH in the body leading to metabolic alkalosis.