Chapter 9 Study Guide Recognize and identify the 5 major grades of organization
ID: 256154 • Letter: C
Question
Chapter 9 Study Guide
Recognize and identify the 5 major grades of organization
Be able to know what a metazoan is
Know what parenchyma and the stroma are
Know the four ways in which animal body plans are different
Know the types of animal symmetry
Know the names of the embryonic germ layers, where they are located and what a diploblastic and triploblastic animal consists of
Be able to identify and/or label the regions of bilaterally symmetrical animals
Know the 3 planes of dividing a bilaterally symmetrical animal
Define cephalization and know its purpose
Identify the acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and eu/coelomate body plans
Know the 2 ways in which coelomate body plans are formed
Differentiate between a protostome and deuterostome
Identify the 4 classes of tissues found in animal bodies
Know the term that means the study of tissues
Understand the major differences among the tissues and their location within an animal body
Explanation / Answer
1. 5 levels of organisation
Protoplasmic grade : It is the acellular or unicellular level in which all the function are carried out by the cell organelles of a single cell. Example : Protozoans
Cellular grade : Many cells each with individual functionalities join tovether to form this grade. It is the lowest level of metazoans. Example : Sponges
Cell-tissue grade : Cells with similar functions join to form a tissue. It has sensory and nerve cells. Example : Chidarians
Tissue-organ grade : Tissues derived from 3 germ layers are assembled into organs. Many types of tissues may aggregate to form an organ.
Organ-system grade : Many organs are combined together to form systems like respiratory, reproductive, circulatory, digestive, skeletal, muscular, excretory, endocrine and nervous system.
2. Metazoans are multicellular organisms that belong to the highest grade "Organ-system" level of organization. The phyla animalia belong to metazoan category.
3. A gland is made of 2 types of cells like parenchymal cell and stroma. Parenchyma is the bulk epithelial cells of the gland which comprises the functional part of the gland. Stroma is the connective tissue between the parenchymal cells that helps for the function of the parenchymal cell. It is also composed of blood vessels and nerves.
5. Types of symmetry
As symmetry : There is no pattern in body plan. Example Sponge
Bilateral : It shows right-left orientation if it is cut in the latitudinal axis. Example Goat
Radial : It shows up-down orientation if it is cut in longitudinal axis. Example Sea anemone