II. True or False 1. There are at present effective vaccines for Haemophilus inf
ID: 258611 • Letter: I
Question
II. True or False 1. There are at present effective vaccines for Haemophilus influnezae, anthrax, yellow fever, TB, cholera, hep B , plague, small pox ,bacterial menigitis, typhoid , HIV, and measles and syphilis 2. Bacillus anthracis is a gram positive ,aerobic, endospore producing rod- shaped bacterium that is usually pathogenic 3. Aedes and Anopheles spp. are vectors for yellow fever, dengue and Zika 4. The incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis presently is about 2 billion people 5. Enterobiasis presently afflicts about 1 million people and the parasite is called the pin worm 6. Peptidoglycan is not found in the archea and is also not present in some bacteria like mycoplasms and Chlamydias 7. Penicillin and its semisynthetic derivatives like ampicillin, interfere with cross bridges of peptidoglycan are thus are bacteriostatic and bactericidal 8. Yellow fever is a disease carried by Aedes mosquitoes and can cause encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, especially in elderly it also has greatly impacted most bird populations in many areas of eastern North America 9. Malaria is probably the greatest microbial disease in the history of the human race do to its mortality rate and steady prevalence over millenia 10. E. coli forms black to metallic green colonies on PEA agar 11.Elephantiasis can be a complication of infection with microfilarial worms in the genus Wuchereria and Brugia, although it can have genetic or environmental causes 12. Ebola is killing lowland gorillas at an alarming rate, and now is a danger to the human race 13. Hanta virus and Lassa fever are associated with bird droppings 14. Rubeola was introduced to Hawaiian islands with devastating results. 15. Hilleman is considered the most prolific vaccine developer in history. 16. Rhizobium bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with lupines and other legumes 17. Schistosoma mansoni lives in veins that drain the small intestine 18. Phagocytosis does not occur in prokaryotes as far as we know. 19. Prions are usually destroyed by autoclaving and most disinfectants 20. GSS, Kuru, mad cow, Creuztfelt Jakob, scrapie, chromic wasting diseases and fatal familial insomnia are prion diseases 21. Antibiotics are often made in the log phase of growth of bacteria. 22. The prodromal period corresponds to the early lag phase of growth in bacteria 23. Heat shock, adenovirus vectors, electroporation . and calcium salts are used to help bacteria take up foreign DNA 24. The autoclave parameters are 121 degrees C , 15psi at 15 seconds and can not be altered 25. Mycobacteria are usually harder to kill than gram positive bacteria on environmental surfaces 26. A bacterial plasmid has proteins , calcium ,keratin dipicholinic acid and almost no water and a mini-cell about .1 microns in diameter. 27. The following could occur in bacterial plasmids : resistance genes and genes for toxins. 28. Several known viruses like, the Mimivirus, and Pandora virus have more genes than some bacteria like Chlamyd 29 RNA polymerase of bacteria does have proof reading ability, not equal to DNA polymerase, however RNA polymerases of many viruses can not proof read-thus these viruses usually mutate more than DNA viruses. 30. The outer membrane of gram positive bacteria has highly antigenic lipopolysaccharides which can cause a septic shock that kills hundreds of thousands of people in US every year 31. The capsule of bacteria is not always made of carbohydrates. 32. Axial filaments are found in Borrelia , Bordetella, and Treponema and Leptospira species 33. Cyanobacteria, today, are usually oxygenic phototrophs many of which can fix atmospheric nitrogen 34. Bacterial viruses do not need to undergo uncoating in host cell because of their injection mechanism 35 Phage therapy has been tried before, at least twice, D”Herrelle and the Russians and still being used in Russia. 36 St Vitus’s dance is a sequela to streptococcal infections that temporarily damages the basal ganglia 37. Mycobacterium avium, may live in your shower curtain and can cause serious disease in the HIV patient 38 Bartonella henselae was main reason for increasing the original temperature for pasteurizing milk 39. Candida is an opportunistic dimorphic fungus and can cause both oral, skin and intestinal infections 40. Marburg, Ebola , Hanta virus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, and Lassa fever are not vector borne diseases 41. Isoniazid , pyrazinamide, streptomycin, ethambutol would probably be effective in treating TB 42. Dengue fever, West Nile, Chicungunya, and yellow fever are carried by Aedes spp 43.Cat scratch fever (Coxiella burnetti) is often mild to moderate disease, but can be very serious , especially in children , there are about 25,000 of cases every year in US 44. Water and moist soil are reservoirs for the hookworms, Necator americanus ,Ancylostoma duodenale , also Strongyloides stercoralis and Trichiuris spp 45. Amphotericin B is not an example of selective toxicity 46. Metronidazole can be used for Entamoeba histolytica and Clostridium difficle , and Giardia, although tinidazole may be a better choice in some cases. 47. Disinfectants and antiseptics are designed to reduce microbial populations on living surfaces, but not necessarily sterilize. 48. Pasteur may deserve credit for saving the French wine , chicken, and silk industry. 49. Koch tried to make a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and ended up with what would become the tuberculin test 50. Biofilms can occur in medical tubing, the middle ear, and on your teeth and greatly increase the resistance of the inhabitants to disinfectants and antiseptics. 51. The following all have capsules: Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Cryptococcus neoformans , Yersinia pestis , Bacillus anthracis 52. The most common mode of action of antifungals is interfering with cell wall membrane. 53. Ethambutol and INH have amongst the narrowest spectrums of activities know, because they interfere with mycolic acid synthesis. 54. Clotrimazole, capsofungin, voriconazole, ribovarin, griseofulvin, miconazole, ketoconazole, Lotrimin, and tolnaftate are antifungals 55. Niclosamide might be prescribed for tapeworm parasitism, although albendazole could also be prescibed 56. H12N1 flu has not occurred in the human race before, 57. Green biotechnology has used Agrobacterium tumefaciens and electron guns to insert genes into plants 58. An effective vaccine for Syphilis has not been produced . 59. An attenuated vaccine is able to multiply in host and may cause the disease as well as give it to others 60. Albert Sabin made an attenuated viral vaccine for polio 61. Salk made an inactivated vaccine for polio-the oral polio vaccine 62. Pasteur made a vaccine for chicken cholera, anthrax , and rabies 63. The Wasserman test for syphilis was a complement fixation test 64 Southern blotting is a way of comparing similarities in antigens between two organisms. 65. Electrophoresis can be used to separate DNA fragments in a sample. 66. Coccidioidomycosis is concentrated in NE US, but has a relatively low mortality rate 67. Dinoflagellates , like Alexandrium, can cause red tide and paralytic shellfish poisoning 68. Viroids are parasites of plants and animals 69. Transposons, are motile genetic elements and occur in most organisms, including bacteria 70. DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase can only move in the 5 prime to 3 prime direction. 71. Exotoxins are heat stabile and usually lipopolysaccharides. 72. Diphtheria toxin is an example of an endotoxin created by lysogenic conversion . 73. The lipopolysaccharides coat of gram negative bacteria has killed millions of people. 74. Double- stranded RNA is found in the Reoviridae, which includes the Noro virus 75. Some viruses have double stranded RNA, such as the Parvoviridae
Explanation / Answer
Please find the answers below:
1. There are at present effective vaccines for Haemophilus influnezae, anthrax, yellow fever, TB, cholera, hep B , plague, small pox ,bacterial menigitis, typhoid , HIV, and measles and syphilis
Answer: False (at present, there are no completely effective vaccines available for these life-threatening diseaes and reserch is being continuously done)
2. Bacillus anthracis is a gram positive ,aerobic, endospore producing rod- shaped bacterium that is usually pathogenic
Answer: True (Bacillus anthracis is a pathogenic bacteria which is causative agent of disease called anthrax)
3. Aedes and Anopheles spp. are vectors for yellow fever, dengue and Zika
Answer: True (Mosquitoes represent the preferred invertebrate host for spreading many diseases like dengue etc)
4. The incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis presently is about 2 billion people
Answer: True (Globally spreaded disease tuberculosis affects more than 8 million people annually and there are more than 1.8 billion people suffering from the disease at various stages)