Question : Q.1.Explain the different types of planning for the different levels
ID: 2641716 • Letter: Q
Question
Question :
Q.1.Explain the different types of planning for the different levels of management. Q.2. Discuss the four steps in the process of rational decision making. Q.3. Identify the four general decision making styles. Explain the two primary characteristics which define each. Q.4. Why is it important for a manager to understand organizational culture? What functions does organizational culture serve? Q.5. Define the four types of organizational cultures in the competing values framework, and describe the characteristics of each. note: please use your own word to answer plagiarism =0 markExplanation / Answer
1) The three levels of management typically found in an organization are low-level management, middle-level management, and top-level management.
Top-level managers are responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire organization.
Middle-level managers are responsible for executing organizational plans which comply with the company's policies. These managers act at an intermediary between top-level management and low-level management.
Low-level managers focus on controlling and directing. They serve as role models for the employees they supervise.
2) Steps of rational decision making:
3)
4) Because of following reasons for a manger to understand organizational culture is important:
The values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization.
Organizational culture includes an organization's expectations, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-image, inner workings, interactions with the outside world, and future expectations. It is based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, and written and unwritten rules that have been developed over time and are considered valid. Also called corporate culture, it's shown in
(1) the ways the organization conducts its business, treats its employees, customers, and the wider community,
(2) the extent to which freedom is allowed in decision making, developing new ideas, and personal expression,
(3) how power and information flow through its hierarchy, and
(4) how committed employees are towards collective objectives.
It affects the organization's productivity and performance, and provides guidelines on customer care and service, product quality and safety, attendance and punctuality, and concern for the environment. It also extends to production-methods, marketing and advertising practices, and to new product creation. Organizational culture is unique for every organization and one of the hardest things to change.
5) Types of organizational culture & their characteristics.
Purpose The GDMS was designed to assess how individuals approach decision situations. It distinguishes between 5 decision styles.- A rational style emphasizes "a thorough search for and logical evaluation of alternatives."
- An avoidant style emphasizes postponing and avoiding decisions.
- A dependent style emphasizes "a search for advice and direction from others."
- An intuitive style emphasizes "a reliance on hunches and feelings."
- A spontaneous style emphasizes "a sense of immediacy and a desire to get through the decision-making process as soon as possible."
- Rational
- Avoidant
- Dependent
- Intuitive
- Spontaneous
- I make decisions in a logical and systematic way. (Rational)
- I avoid making important decisions until the pressure is on. (Avoidant)
- I rarely make important decisions without consulting other people. (Dependent)
- When I make decisions, I tend to rely on my intuition. (Intuitive)
- I generally make snap decisions. (Spontaneous)
- I explore all of my options before making a decision.