Carbohydrates: 1. 2. How are carbohydrates classified? Regarding classification:
ID: 276489 • Letter: C
Question
Carbohydrates: 1. 2. How are carbohydrates classified? Regarding classification: a. b. c. What are the most common monosaccharide's? What are the most common disaccharides? What are the most common polysaccharides? 3. Other related questions: a. b. What is glycogen? Where is glycogen stored? After ingestion and absorption by the small intestine, what happens to glucose? After ingestion and absorption by the small intestine, what happens to fructose 4. 5. 6. How much glycogen can be stored in the body? Where is glycogen stored? 7. How is glycogen made? 8. How is glycogen broken down? 9. What are some major roles of carbohydrate? 10. Why should one recommend increasing carbohydrate intake rather than increasing protein intake to increase muscle mass through heavy resistance training? 11. What determines the fuel mixture used during exercise? 12. Can glucose be made when glycogen is depleted? If so, how? Energy Systems 1. 2. 3. 4. What is ATP? What is phosphorylation? What enzyme frees the energy stored within the high energy bonds of ATP? During very hard exercise or during the 1st min of exercise: What is the primary energy system? a. b. What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis? c. What is the purpose of lactate production? Why? 5. What is the net gain of ATP during anaerobic glycolysis: a. If glucose is the substrate? b. If muscle glycogen is the substrate? 6. In regards of anaerobic glycolysis what is the importance of NAD? 7. How are anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis similar? 8. How are anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis different? 9. Where does aerobic glycolysis take place within the cell? 10. How many ATP are required during aerobic glycolysis if glucose is the substrate? If glycogen is the substrate? 11. What is the gross amount of ATP produced from 1 molecule of glucose that goes through aerobic glycolysis?Explanation / Answer
CARBOHYDRATES
1. Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of monomeric units present in their structure:
(1) Monosaccharides. Only one monomer is present. e.g. Glucose, ribose, erythrose, glyceraldehyde, etc.
(2) Disaccharides. Two monomers are present in the structure. e.g. Sucrose, lactose, trehalose, etc.
(3) Oligosaccharides. More than two monomers are present in the structure (usually 3-20). e.g. Raffinose, starchy lose, etc.
(4) Polysaccharides. 'n' number of repeating monomers are present in the polymeric structure. e.g. Glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, etc.
2. a. Glucose, fructose, ribose.
b. Sucrose, lactose, maltose.
c. Glycogen, cellulose.
3.a. Glycogen is the large multi-branched polysaccharide of glucose, which is used as energy storage. When energy is required, glucose is released as phosphorylated glucose and enters glycolysis to produce energy.
b. It is mainly stored in liver and skeletal muscles.
4. Glucose is transported to each cell through blood. Cells take up glucose and metabolise via cellular respiration (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) to produce engery in form of ATP.