Part 6. Answer the following questions. Describe the difference between a mortal
ID: 278767 • Letter: P
Question
Part 6. Answer the following questions.
Describe the difference between a mortality rate and a case fatality rate. [Define/Describe]
Describe the difference between a point prevalence and period prevalence. [Define/Describe]
What is used as the denominator in the calculation of the maternal mortality rate? Why is it used as the denominator? [Define/Describe]
Describe the difference between active and passive surveillance. [Define/Describe]
Disease surveillance systems are evaluated to determine their quality and identify characteristics needing improvement. List one of the surveillance system attributes that CDC recommends evaluating (there are 9 to choose from), define it [Define/Describe], and describe one way that it could be evaluated [Design/Method Selection].
Attribute:
a. Definition of Attribute:
b. Attribute Evaluation Method:
Explanation / Answer
Mortality rate: The mortality rate is measure number of deaths in a population at a period of time, scaled to the total population size.
Case fatality rate: The case fatality rate is the number of deaths among the people in a population who diagnosed with a medical condition.
Mortality rate generally describes the change in a death rate of a population due to disease, or any other condition. The case fatality rate describes the penetrance and expressivity of a disease. The disease outbreak can be explained by the mortality rate, while the disease severity in a population can be explained by the case fatality. If the disease has low expressivity then the case fatality will be low.
2) Prevalence is the measure of disease frequency in a population. It may be point prevalence or period prevalence. Point prevalence: The point prevalence is the proportion of individuals in a population with specific disease. It includes all cases at a point in time. Period prevalence: period prevalence describe the number of people identified with the disease during a period of time.
If point prevalence describes the rate at the particular time, period prevalence includes the people acquired the disease during the period of study. It includes the people died due to disease, people acquire the disease who are previously considered healthy, and who have been suffering during the course of time.
3) The maternal mortality rate is a measure of risk during pregnancy. Here it can be calculated by a formula
(Number of Resident Maternal Deaths/ Number of Resident Live Births) x 100000, where the denominator is Number of resident live births. The number of individuals out of danger is important to understand the risk. If it is higher then the mortality rate will be low in a population, If it is lower then the health conditions are pore in particular population.
4) Passive surveillance: The criteria established for reporting disease and its risk factors. If a doctor noticed a patient with a disease, then he intimates local health department about his record, in form of a case report. In passive surveillance, the health departments rely on doctors report.
Active surveillance: The criteria established for reporting disease and risk factors along with maintaining the surveillance. It will not rely on a single report. It records all cases using standard methods and diagnosed among suspects in the laboratory to understand the epidemics.