Can i get help with question 11 to 17 and DNA and genes and genetic approach que
ID: 282020 • Letter: C
Question
Can i get help with question 11 to 17 and DNA and genes and genetic approach questions (1 &2). Please and thank it is important and urgent. Need it immediately. Thank you in advance. This is genetics by the way
3) Genotypephenotype, genotype phenotype, environmental impacts, gene-gene interactions Dominantirecessive, gaim-of function/ loss-of-function mutations, essential vs redundant genes 5) Genetic map, linkage analysis, map unit (cM), recombinant frequency 6) DNA, RNA, Protein Central dogma Codon, codon degeneracy, codon bias ) Gene expression, transcription/translation, transcriptional control, temporal and spatial regulatiom 8) Mutation, mutagenesis, mutant selechon vs. screen, saturation mutageness ) Point mutations, missense/nonsense frameshift mutations, truncated proten 10) Genetic approach, rationale, forward/reverse/chemical genetics, RNA interference, genome edsting, CRISPR/Cas9 11) Landmarks in genetics. Why study genetics? Please give an example. 12) Genome sizes and number of genes for various model organisms 13) Genome, genomics, genome assembly annotation, proteomics, omics 14) Bacterial genetics: transformation, conjugation, transduction, genotype/phenotype designation 15) Genetic transformation, vectors and selection markers in plant and mouse transformation, transient vs. stable transformation, random integration vs. homology-based recombination 16) Epigenetics, epigenome, genomic imprinting, DNA/histone modifications, RNA genes, non- coding RNA 17) Biotechnology- benefit and nsk, transgene vs. cisgene, New Breeding Technology (NBT) DNA and Gones, and Genetic Approaches 1) Gene expression: Understand the question on DNA coding and mutational consequence as shown in the lecture slide. What is the advantage of Promoter: reporter system in studying gene expression? 2) What are the subcellular locatioas for DNA replication, transcription and translation? How are they coordinated? Genome, Model Organisms, Epigenetics, and Biotechnology 1) What model organisms are frequently used for biological or medical research? What are theis advantages and disadvantages? )Arabidopsis floral ABC model what are the phenotypes of a b, b c, and a c double mutants and a b c triple mutant? How to use transgenic approach to create novel flowers or plants? What are homeotic mutations? What are the implications from these mutations in the geneticExplanation / Answer
11. Genetics is the study of genes. It is studied because it has numerous applications.This study is required for study of disease biology and development of treatment options. This is also helpful for crop improvement. Some landmarks in genetics-
In 1859 C Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, which described theories of evolution of species
In 1865 Gregor Mendel found and established evidence for the discreteness and combinatorial rules of inherited traits
In 1869 Miescher discovered "nuclein" (DNA) in the cells from pus in open wounds and that the cells are composed mostly of nuclear material.
In 1911, TH Morgan shows the first example of chromosomal linkage in the X chromosome of Drosophila
In 1918 Muller developed the chief principles of spontaneous gene mutation
In 1950 E Chargaff et al demonstrate for DNA that the numbers of adenine and thymine groups are always equal, so are the numbers of guanine and cytosine groups; B McClintock discovers the transposable elements in maize
In 1953 Watson and Crick revealed the structure of DNA and that it is the genetic material.
In 1958, MS Meselson & FW Stahl demonstrate that DNA replication is semiconservative (in E.coli)
In 1968, RT Okazaki and his group found out the discontinuous synthesis of the lagging DNA strand
In 2000, Human genome project was started and it was successful in sequencing of most of the human genome.
12. Genome sizes of some model organisms
Escherichia coli (Bacterium)- 4.6 Million base pairs , 3,000 genes
Sacchromyces cerevisiae (Yeast) - 15 Million base pairs
Neurospora crassa (Fungus)- 39.9 Million base pairs, 10000 genes
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly)- 120 Million base pairs, 13647 genes
13. Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science and study of genome i.e complete set of DNA. It focuses on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.
Proteomics is the detailed study of all proteins of an organism.
Omics informally means a field of study in biology. The related suffix -ome is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as the genome, proteome or metabolome respectively. It refers to the collective study of all.
Genome assembly annotation is the study of how base sequences are arranged in the genome. This is done with the help of Bioinformatics tools.
14. Bacterial transformation is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into the bacterial cell. It is done with the help of plasmids and is long process involving CsCl.
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a connection between two bacterial cells.
Bacterial transduction is the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another with the help of a virus.
Genptype/ Phenotype designation is a type of nomenclature, but it is not widely applicable.