I need in paragraph citation and works cited citation. I need 2 references here!
ID: 282735 • Letter: I
Question
I need in paragraph citation and works cited citation. I need 2 references here! Please do not plaigairize... The discussion for this week will focus on the importance of the two main topics of this chapter (photosynthesis and cellular respiration) to each other. There is a unique balance between these two energy cycles, and your postings should address something specific that addresses this idea. For instance, you can focus on one of the following: the history of these processes (which one we think started first and how that eventually led to the other one), different types of interactions, how other things affect them (poisons, temperatures, global climate, etc.), where the organisms are that perform these processes, which organisms have them, the different parts of each one of these and how they are related or how they came about, or the fact that there are cycles involved and what that may indicate.
Explanation / Answer
Photosynthesis is a process by which plants convert light energy taken from sun into chemical energy. The light energy derived from sun helps in the oxidation of water to produce oxygen. The electrons and hydrogen ions produced in the process are transferred to CO2 which gets reduced to form organic compounds. They are also used to reduce nitrate and sulfate to amino and sulfhydryl groups. Carbohydrates such as starch and sucrose are produced in the process. The process of photosynthesis involves two type of reactions- “light or photochemical reactions” and “dark” reactions. The energy of light is absorbed and passed on via series of electron carriers leading to synthesis of ATP and reductants such as NADPH. During the dark stage, the ATP and NADPH are used to reduce carbon dioxide to organic carbon compounds. The process of photosynthesis produces energy, whereas cellular respiration breaks down the energy. The cycle of photosynthesis and respiration maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis produces the oxygen that is used by living organisms and carbon dioxide is produced during respiration. Both the processes are mutually beneficial. Cellular respiration cannot occur without photosynthesis, and photosynthesis cannot occur without the availability of CO2 released during respiration. The products of one process are the reactants of the other. Photosynthesis leads to production of glucose and oxygen, while cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Change in environmental conditions such as increase in CO2, temperature affects both the processes to a significant effect. Increasing CO2 concentration increases photosynthetic rates particularly in C3 plants. Temperature optima differ for species. Increasing temperature increases vapor pressure deficits with an increase in the rate of plant transpiration. Stomata close in response to increase in CO2 concentration, transpiration rates can decrease. Increase in the rate of soil organic matter on exposure to high temperatures lead to enhanced mineralization of nutrients causing an increase in rate of photosynthesis. Rate of respiration is regulated by carbon balance of the system. Respiration is sensitive to changes in temperature, CO2, water stress, and atmospheric pollutants. Respiration is likely to decline under conditions of CO2 enrichment.
Kirschbaum MU. 2004 Direct and indirect climate change effects on photosynthesis and transpiration. Plant Biol (Stuttg). 6(3), 242-53.
Michael G. Ryan 1991 Effects of Climate Change on Plant Respiration. Ecological applications volume 1, 157-167