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ID: 287996 • Letter: P
Question
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Describe two ways in which porosity may be reduced during compaction: 2. 3. Calculate the porosity for a sample with a bulk volume of 26 g/cm3 and a grain volume of 21 g/cm3 Give the answer in terms of 96. 4. The porosity of a sample is 1 196, the effective porosity is 8.5%. Calculate the volume of fluid could be stored in a sample with a bulk volume of 100 g/cm. Use units or lose points -your choice. 5. What controls the grain size, grain shape, sorting, packing, and amount of cement and/or matrix in a clastic sedimentary rock? 6. What are the three main components of clastic rocks? 7. What type of packing yields the highest porosity?Explanation / Answer
1. Porosity is reducing during compaction due to reducing the open-space between mineral grains.
2. when the stress increases the mineral grains melts due to over stress and friction and fill the open space between mineral grains i.e porosity will be reduced.
3. Vb = Vv + Vs
Vb volume of bulk = 26 gm/cc
Vv volume of void space = 26 - 21 = 5 gm/cc
Vs Volume of mineral grains = 21 gm/cc
Porosity = 5*100/26 = 19.23 %
4. Vb = Vv + Vs
Vb volume of bulk = 100 gm/cc
Porosity = 11%
Vv Volume of void space = 11*100/100= 11gm/cc
Hence 11 gm/cc fluid will be stored by the sample.
5. Grain size controls the permeability of clastic sedimentary rocks.
Grain shape, sorting, packing, amount of cement or matrix control the porosity of clastic sedimentary rocks.
6. Three main compnenets of clastic sedimentary rocks as follows--
a). grain size
b). Cementing material.
c). Texture of clastic rocks.
7. In sedimentary rocks Cubic Packing of grains has the highest porosity.
Reduction of porosity in clatic rocks
8. Decreasing void space due to compaction of mineral grains.
9. Increasing of amount of matrix.
10. Packing arrangement of mineral grains influences of porosity of clastic rocks.
Reduction of porosity in carbonated rocks
11. chemical composition of mineral grains.
12. grain size of mineral grains.
13. Much of the material between fragments can be filled with carbonate mud, reducing the porosity.
14. growing of crystal such as calcite reducing the porosity of carbonate rocks.
15. Stylolite : Solid-solid interfaces found in some sedimentary rocks. Roughly planar interfaces perpendicular to the main principal stress direction (so called anti-cracks): used astress orientation markers by geologists. Roughness of stylolites: appearance of printed lines on rock cuts, seen in many buildings.Formed under pressure-dissolution processes happening in shallow earth crust(depth km, during million years): fluid present during formation.