Tongue piercing and cracked teeth. Researchers.com pared tooth health and period

Question

Tongue piercing and cracked teeth. Researchers.com pared tooth health and periodontal damage in a group of 46 young adult males wearing a tongue piercing and a control group of 46 young adult males without tongue piercing. They found that 38 individuals in the tongue-piercing group and 26 in the control group had enamel cracks.^15 Does the study provide significant evidence of an association between enamel cracks and tongue piercing? Can you conclude that there is a causal relationship between tongue piercing and enamel cracks?

Explanation / Answer

here from above

as critical value at 1 degree of freedom and 0.05 level of significance critical value =3.8414

here test stat X2=7.393 is greater then critical value. there fore we reject null hypothesis, and conclude that there is a casual relationship b/w tongue piercing and enamel cracks

Observed O toungue piercing control Total enamel crack 38 26 64 no enamel crack 8 20 28 Total 46 46 92 Expected E=rowtotal*column total/grand total toungue piercing control Total enamel crack 32.000 32.000 64 no enamel crack 14.000 14.000 28 Total 46 46 92 chi square =(O-E)^2/E toungue piercing control Total enamel crack 1.125 1.125 2.250 no enamel crack 2.571 2.571 5.143 Total 3.696 3.696 7.393

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