A recent study investigated the cortisol levels immediately before a skydive amo
ID: 3299533 • Letter: A
Question
A recent study investigated the cortisol levels immediately before a skydive among 11 first-time skydivers and 13 experienced skydivers (at least 30 jumps) recruited from a parachute center in northern England (Hare et al., 2013). Cortisol is known as the "stress" hormone and is released in response to fear or stress. The average amount of cortisol was approximately 10 in the experienced group and 8 in the inexperienced group.
1)Which of the following is an example of Step 1 in the six steps of a statistical investigation?
asking if novice skydivers tend to have higher levels of salivary cortisol prior to a skydive than experienced skydivers
inferring that the 24 skydivers represent most skydivers
averaging the levels of cortisol
the 24 skydivers
2)Which of the following do the 24 skydivers represent?
observational unit
research question
quantitative variable
categorical variable
3)The quantitative variable in this study is the
cortesol levele
expertise level
and the categorical variable is the
anxiety score
expertise level
4)When the researchers noted that novice skydivers used an automatically deploying parachute and the experience skydivers deployed their own parachutes, they inferred that average cortisol levels are similar between the two groups. This is an example of which of the six steps of statistical investigation?
Step 6
Step 4
Step 5
Step 3
5) In order to make their conclusions more relevant, the researchers are hoping that the cortisol levels of the 24 skydivers in this study are ________ when compared to all skydivers in general.
representative
not representative
6) Recall that the researchers noted that novice skydivers used an automatically deploying parachute and the experience skydivers deployed their own parachutes. This could impact the results by implying that the difference in cortisol levels could be attributed more to
deployment mechanisms
experience level
7) How could researchers improve on this study of anxiety and cortisol levels based on experience?
use respondents of only one gender
make the experiences of respondents similar
use a different hormone level
make the deployment mechanisms of respondents similar
asking if novice skydivers tend to have higher levels of salivary cortisol prior to a skydive than experienced skydivers
Explanation / Answer
1) Step 1: Ask a research questions.What is the research question being investigated inthis study?
Ans is
asking if novice skydivers tend to have higher levels of salivary cortisol prior to a skydive than experienced skydivers
2)
observational unit
3)
cortesol level is quantitative
Expertise level is categorical
4) Stages are:
1. Make sure you understand the problem and then formulate it in statistical terms. Clarify objectives of the investigation.
2. Plan the investigation and collect the data in an appropriate way.
3. Assess the structure and quality of the data. Scrutinize for errors, outliers and missing values. Modify, if necessary, by transforming variables.
4. Carry out an initial examination of the data to obtain summary descriptive statistics and perhaps get ideas for a more formal analysis.
5. Select and carry out an appropriate formal statistical procedure.
6. Compare the findings with any previous results and acquire further data if necessary
7. Interpret and communicate the results
Step 4
We are allowed to do 4 subparts of a question at a time. Post again for remaining questions.
asking if novice skydivers tend to have higher levels of salivary cortisol prior to a skydive than experienced skydivers
2)
observational unit
3)
cortesol level is quantitative
Expertise level is categorical
4) Stages are:
1. Make sure you understand the problem and then formulate it in statistical terms. Clarify objectives of the investigation.
2. Plan the investigation and collect the data in an appropriate way.
3. Assess the structure and quality of the data. Scrutinize for errors, outliers and missing values. Modify, if necessary, by transforming variables.
4. Carry out an initial examination of the data to obtain summary descriptive statistics and perhaps get ideas for a more formal analysis.
5. Select and carry out an appropriate formal statistical procedure.
6. Compare the findings with any previous results and acquire further data if necessary
7. Interpret and communicate the results
Step 4
We are allowed to do 4 subparts of a question at a time. Post again for remaining questions.