Question : Read each abstract and indicate which of the choices offered (descrip
ID: 3500547 • Letter: Q
Question
Question: Read each abstract and indicate which of the choices offered (descriptive, correlational, experimental, quasi-experimental or the abstract lacks enough information to determine) best describes the research, then explain why you think your choice is correct)
4. The present study examined self-affirmation theory, cigarette smoking, and health-related images depicting adverse effects of smoking. Previous research examining self-affirmation and negative health-related images has shown that individuals who engage in a self-affirmation activity are more receptive to messages when compared to those who do not affirm. We were interested in examining the extent to which self-affirmation would reduce defensive responding to negative health images related to cigarette smoking. Methods: Participants included 203 daily smokers who were undergraduate studentsat a large southern university. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires and were then randomly assignedto one of four conditions (non-smoking image control, smoking image control, low affirmation, and high affirmation).Analyses evaluated the effectiveness of affirmation condition as it related to defensive responding. Results: Results indicated that both affirmation conditions were effective in reducing defensive responding for those at greatest risk (heavier smokers) and those more resistant to health benefits associated with quitting. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in terms of potential public health implications as well as the role defensive responding plays in the evaluation and processing of negative health messages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
8. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational study, this study investigated the efficacy of donepezil treatment on activities of daily living (ADLs)and social functioning in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD)and the possible benefits of this treatment on caregiving time and stress levels. Patients resided in the community or in assisted living facilities who did not require skilled 24-hour nursing care. Two hundred ninety patients with moderate to severe AD participated. Treatment was Donepezil or placebo for 24 weeks. ADLs were assessed using the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD), the modified instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale (IADL+), and the modified Physical Self Maintenance Scale (PSMS +). Caregivers were evaluated for their levels of caregiver stress with a modified, multiple-item Caregiver Stress Scale (CSS). IADL+ and PSMS+ mean change from baseline scores for donepezil-treated patients showed a slower decline during the study than placebo-treated patients. Caregivers of donepezil-treated patients reported spending less time assisting with ADLs than caregivers of placebo-treated patients. Donepezil demonstrated a significantly slower decline than placebo in instrumental and basic ADLs.
Explanation / Answer
4. This is an experimental study. We know this because the researchers were specifically interested in investigating how self-affirmation would reduce defensive responding to negative health images related to cigarette smoking. We also know that the participants were randomly assigned to four conditions of the study. Random assignment of participants is a key feature of experimental studies.
8. This is a quasi-experimental study. This is because although the study has the characteristics of an experiment (the independent variable manipulation), the traits of the participants (having moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease) does not allow them to be randomly assigned.