Carla was startled by an extremely loud bang that sounded like a gunshot. Her sy
ID: 3524784 • Letter: C
Question
Carla was startled by an extremely loud bang that sounded like a gunshot. Her sympathetic nervous system shot into action. What physiological changes did she experience as a result of the sympathetic nervous system being activated? When she realized that the noise was only a car backfiring, she felt greatly relieved but her sympathetic nervous system remained activated for over half an hour. Why did this happen?
Jennifer, a newborn baby, needs surgery because she was born with an aorta that arises from the right ventricle and a pulmonary trunk that issues from the left ventricle, a condition called transposition of the great vessels. What are the physiological consequences of this defect?
Differentiate between humoral and cellular immunity. Include what cells they use and the steps they take to protect the body from infection. The detailed accounting of what happens when both types encounter an antigen.
Drugs called renin inhibitors are utilized to control high blood pressure. Detail why this type of drug would be able to control high blood pressure. NOTE - to receive full credit you must give me the whole cascade of effects that inhibiting renin would cause J
Describe how the respiratory system and the urinary system work together to maintain acid-base balance in the body. Why is it necessary for the stomach contents to be so acidic? How does the stomach protect itself from digestion?
You have just eaten a steak. Detail its journey throughout the digestive tract. Be sure to note what is happening to the protein during the digestive process in each organ. Pick two structures in the female reproductive tract and discuss how their structure is related to function. Pick two structures in the male reproductive tract and discuss how their structure is related to function.
Explanation / Answer
1. A sudden and loud noise create fight or flight state, which faster the breathing and heart beat rate. An increase in Heartbeat rate send signal to nervous system to react by activating sympathetic nervous system
Physical consequences of transposition of great vessels= cause of Blue baby syndrome because of mixing of red blood and Blue Blood..
Also causes Rapid breathing Rapid heart rate, low down temperature of skin.
3. Humoral immunity = it is performed by macromolecules found in blood including B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies and destroy the extracellular pathogens buy neutralization of pathogen and phagocytosis. T cells participate in activation and differentiation of B cells Pintu antibody producing cells.
Mechanism of action of humoral immunity=
Antibodies produced by b cells bind with the antibodies and stop this process of infection this mechanism is called neutralization.
Antibodies bind to the antigens surface unreleased some plasma protein which attack extracellular pathogen.
cell mediated immunity= this activate one pathogen is not recognised by humoral immunity.
4. Kidney maintain acid base balance mechanism by reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from urine and by excreting hydrogen ions into urine.
Concentration of carbon dioxide plays an important role in maintaining pH of blood. Higher concentration of carbon dioxide increasing hydrogen ion concentration hence decrease pH of blood . Respiratory system controls the amount of carbon dioxide by eliminating it from body through lungs hence pH.
5. Enzymes present in stomach works at very low pH i.e. 1.8 that is why in order to facilitate digestion stomach content need to be acidic.
6. Mucous neck cells present in gastric glands of stomach secret mucus which lines the wall of stomach to protect it from acidic ph.