The requirement of exam 2 is to focus on the different technology standards such
ID: 3763394 • Letter: T
Question
The requirement of exam 2 is to focus on the different technology standards such as ISO, Biometric, and ANSI. Please research the three technology standards with respect to the definition, principles and phases of each.
Your response to this examination must have the following sub headings:
• ISO standard development process (6 points)
• Biometric standard development process (6 points)
• ANSI standard development process (6 points)
• Conclusion and discussion (in your own words) on factors for the conclusion (6 points)
• References (APA style citation) (3 points)
• Editorial (3 points)
Explanation / Answer
ISO standards are developed according to the principles of industry-wide, voluntary consensus. This means the views of all interested parties are taken into account, including manufacturers, vendors and users, consumer groups, testing laboratories, governments, engineering professionals, and research organizations. Because the development process is industry-wide, standards are created to satisfy industries and customers worldwide. And because the process is voluntary, international standardization is market-driven and therefore based on voluntary involvement of all interests in the marketplace.
There are actually six stages within the ISO standards development process which can be summed up in three main phases: the new work item phase, the consensus-building phase, and the formal approval section.
The need for a standard is usually expressed by an industry sector, which communicates this need to a national member body. This body then proposes the new work item to ISO as a whole. Once the need for an international standard has been recognized and formally agreed upon, the first phase of development focuses on defining the technical scope of the future standard. This phase is usually carried out in working groups which comprise technical experts from countries interested in the subject matter.
Once agreement has been reached on which technical aspects are to be covered in the standard, the second phase is entered: Countries negotiate the detailed specifications within the standard. This is the consensus-building phase.
The final phase culminates in the formal approval of the resulting draft International Standard – this must be approved by two-thirds of the ISO members that have participated actively in the standards development process, and by 75 % of all members that vote). Finally, the agreed-upon text is published as an ISO International Standard.
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Biometrics refers to metrics related to human characteristics. Biometrics authentication (or realistic authentication)[note 1] is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control.[1] It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are undersurveillance.
Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals.[2] Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics.[3] Physiological characteristics are related to the shape of the body. Examples include, but are not limited to fingerprint, palm veins, face recognition, DNA, palm print, hand geometry, iris recognition, retina and odour/scent. Behavioral characteristics are related to the pattern of behavior of a person, including but not limited to typing rhythm, gait, and voice.[4][note 2] Some researchers have coined the term behaviometrics to describe the latter class of biometrics.[5]
More traditional means of access control include token-based identification systems, such as a driver's license or passport, and knowledge-based identification systems, such as a password or personal identification number.[2] Since biometric identifiers are unique to individuals, they are more reliable in verifying identity than token and knowledge-based methods; however, the collection of biometric identifiers raises privacy concerns about the ultimate use of this information.
There are two types of standards organizations – formal and informal. Formal standards bodies, also
known as ‘de jure’ organizations, comprise the official national standards bodies and internationally
recognized bodies – for example the British Standards Institute (BSI). These may or may not be
government sponsored. International standards development organizations (SDOs) include the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunications Union
(ITU).
1986
NIST-ITL
standard
published
1995
FBI
EFTS
2000 2005 2010
BioAPI
1.0
SC37
Established First SC37
standards
published
USG policy
on biometric
standards
SVAPI
ICAO
9303
w/biom
Indian UID
project adopts
NIST SC37 standards
workshop
spawns CBEFF
FIPS
201
Informal standards bodies, also known as defacto standards organizations, generally comprise industry
consortia. Organizational structures and rules vary more widely across informal bodies. Examples
include the IETF, W3C, and OASIS. Some bodies that have specifically addressed biometrics include the
BioAPI Consortium, the JavaCard Forum, and the Voice XML Forum.
In addition, there are “defacto” or “industry standards”. These are usually developed by a single
company or group of companies that create specifications that become widely adopted due to the
market share represented.
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The ANSI Federation’s primary goal is to enhance the global competitiveness of U.S. business and the American quality of life by promoting and facilitating voluntary consensus standards and ensuring their integrity. The Institute, which is active in both national and international standardization, is a major proponent of the United States Standards Strategy (USS). This document establishes a framework that can be used by all interests including companies, government, nongovernmental organizations, standards developers and consumers, to further improve U.S. competitiveness abroad while continuing to provide strong support for domestic markets. Using the USS as a guide, ANSI is successfully facing the standardization challenges of a global economy while addressing key quality-of-life issues such as safety and the environment.
Although ANSI itself does not develop American National Standards (ANSs), it provides all interested U.S. parties with a neutral venue to come together and work towards common agreements. The process to create these voluntary standards is guided by the Institute’s cardinal principles of consensus, due process and openness and depends heavily upon data gathering and compromises among a diverse range of stakeholders. The Institute ensures that access to the standards process, including an appeals mechanism, is made available to anyone directly or materially affected by a standard that is under development. Thousands of individuals, companies, government agencies and other organizations such as labor, industrial and consumer groups voluntarily contribute their knowledge, talents and efforts to standards development.