If we assume that energy can take any arbitrary values, we should be able to obs
ID: 3813891 • Letter: I
Question
If we assume that energy can take any arbitrary values, we should be able to observe infinitely high intensity radiating from a blackbody at high frequencies (equivalent to the heat energy contained by the black body). Hoever, this is not observed in practice, and was famously termed as 'Ultraviolet catastrophe'. To solve this paradox, Planck correctly considered energy to be a stream of discrete entities called 'photons' and came up with the foloowing spectral distribution fuction: B_lambda(lambda, T) = 2hc^2/lambda^5 (1/exp^hc/lambdaKBT - 1) (a) Write a program to visualize (plot) the spectral distribution as a function of wavelength (lambda) and Temperature (T). (b) Plot the spectral function for different temperatures. What trend does the peak of the function follow for increased temperatures? What is its physical significance? (c) Discuss Wien's displacement law (lambda_peak times T = Constant) in connection with the spectral distribution. How can this law be used to estimate temperature of heavenly bodies?Explanation / Answer
Since reading of a register-stored price doesn't amendment the state of the register, no "safety mechanism" is required to forestall accidental overwriting of hold on information, and that we would like solely provide the register range to get the info hold on therein register. (This information is offered at the scan information output in Figure four.4a.) However, once writing to a register, we want (1) a register range, (2) AN authorization bit, for safety (because the previous contents of the register elite for writing ar overwritten by the write operation), and (3) a clock pulse that controls writing of information into the register.
In this discussion and throughout this section, we'll assume that the register file is structured as shown in Figure four.4a. we have a tendency to additional assume that every register is made from a linear array of D flip-flops, wherever every flip-flop includes a clock (C) and information (D) input. The scan ports may be enforced victimization 2 multiplexers, every having log2N management lines, wherever N is that the range of bits in every register of the RF. In Figure four.4b, note that information from all N = thirty two registers flows bent on the output muxes, and also the information stream from the register to be scan is chosen victimization the mux's 5 management lines. the same as the ALU style given in Section three, correspondence is exploited for speed and ease.
In Figure four.4c is shown AN implementation of the RF write port. Here, the write modify signal may be a clock pulse that activates the edge-triggered D flip-flops that comprise every register (shown as a parallelogram with clock (C) and information (D) inputs). The register range is input to AN N-to-2N decoder, and acts because the management signal to change the info stream input into the Register information input. the particular information shift is completed by and-ing the info stream with the decoder output: solely the AND gate that includes a unitary (one-valued) decoder output can pass the info into the chosen register (because one and x = x).
The load/store datapath uses directions like chemical element $t1, offset($t2), wherever offset denotes a memory address offset applied to the bottom address in register $t2. The chemical element instruction reads from memory and writes into register $t1. The southwest instruction reads from register $t1 and writes into memory. so as to calculate the memory address, the MIPS ISA specification says that we've got to sign-extend the 16-bit offset to a 32-bit signed price. this is often done victimization the sign extender shown in Figure four.6.
The load/store datapath is illustrated in Figure four.8, and performs the subsequent actions within the order given:
Register Access takes input from the register file, to implement the instruction, data, or address fetch step of the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
Memory Address Calculation decodes the bottom address and offset, combining them to provide the particular memory address. This step uses the sign extender and ALU.
Read/Write from Memory takes information or directions from the info memory, and implements the primary a part of the execute step of the fetch/decode/execute cycle.
Write into Register File puts information or directions into the info memory, implementing the second a part of the execute step of the fetch/decode/execute cycle.