Anatomy & Physiology 169 #1.Why would hormone treatments of insulin between diab
ID: 52396 • Letter: A
Question
Anatomy & Physiology 169
#1.Why would hormone treatments of insulin between diabetic patients differ?
#2.A 40 yoa obese man presents at your clinic with his wife with complaints of infertility and erectile dysfunction. He has a history of sleep apnea, breast tissue abnormalities, low blood serum levels of testosterone, but all of his vital signs are normal, he has normal reproductive anatomy, no visual or neurologic complaints and is not taking any medications. He and his wife want to have children and are concerned that he may have a medical condition that would inhibit him from fathering. Upon doing a sperm count, it showed a lower than normal count of < 100,000 sperm per ejaculate. The doctor orders a more indepth hormone blood screen of the Gonadtropins and a scan of his pituitary gland. It was discovered that FSH, LH are within the normal ranges, but the MRI revealed a pituitary macroadenoma with minimal involvement of the right cavernous sinus. Clearly, the tumor is causing an abnormality in a pituitary hormone production and secretion, but which one?
#3.List four other organs outside of the endocrine system that produce hormones.
#4.A 31 year old female patient presents with weight loss that has become a growing concern as her stress levels at work has increased. She complains that she is having a harder time dealing with any major difficulties in her life and that her appetite, energy and strength seem to just be disappearing faster and faster. By the end of a week, she has trouble even keeping what she does eat down and that includes water! During the physical exam the doctor notices that she has dark patches of skin over areas around her joints and around her face/neck. When asked about them, the patient said they showed up about 3 weeks ago, but they weren’t painful nor did they itch. She thought they were an allergic reaction to a new energy supplement she was using. The patient’s vitals showed an abnormally low blood pressure and her blood work indicated hypoglycemia. In the patient’s medical history there were records of treatment for some lower back trauma within the last 18 months where she had been in a car accident and had suffered from internal tissue damage.
B. What gland is likely involved here and what may have caused the malfunction in the gland?
#5.A patient presents with complaints of weight gain, apathy, fatigue and inability to pay attention at work. In measuring her blood serum you detect low levels of TH, but high to normal levels of TSH and TRH. What is the likely diagnosis and where is the glandular dysfunction?
#6. What was the most interesting fact you learned about the endocrine system and why?
Explanation / Answer
1. Insulin treatment of diabetic patient differ as the treatment depends upon the patient requirement. Insulin is effective in all forms of diabetes mellitus and is must for type 1. Insulin is required when diabetes is-
a. Not controlled by diet, excercise or when these are not practicable.
b. Failure of oral hypoglycemic agents
c. Underweight patients
d. In case of infection, trauma, surgery, pregnancy.
e. in case of complication of diabetes like ketoacidosis, gangrene of extremities
There are many types of insulin used for diabets patient:
1. Rapid-acting insulin. This starts to work within a few minutes and lasts for a couple of hours.
2. Regular- or short-acting insulin. It takes about 30 minutes to work fully and lasts for 3 to 6 hours.
3. Intermediate-acting insulin. This takes 2 to 4 hours to work fully. Its effects can last for up to 18 hours.
4. Long-acting insulin. It can work for an entire day.
3. other organs outside of the endocrine system that produce hormones.
1. Heart: produces hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to high blood pressure levels.
2. Kidneys: produces the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low levels of oxygen in the blood.
3. Digestive System: The hormones cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and gastrin are all produced by the organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
4. Placenta: produces progesterone