Could you please proof read my work (Scientifically and correct grammar ) on man
ID: 7215 • Letter: C
Question
Could you please proof read my work (Scientifically and correct grammar) on mangroves issues regarding Social, Economical, Environmental and Political areas. I would highly appreciate your help.
Here it is:
Issues:
The mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each year in ecosystem services as it acts as bases for successful fishing and prawning industry since it provides breeding, feeding and nursery areas for marine species worldwide. Studies in Eastern Australia have estimated that around 67% of the entire commercial catch is composed of species dependent upon mangrove estuarine areas. The northern Prawn fishery, one of the most valuable fisheries in Australia which is lined by mangrove communities, injects millions of dollars each year into the NT economy. For example, In 1996/97 around 3266 tonnes of prawns were produced from NT waters, valued at around $51 million. In addition, approximately $7.5 million of mud crab and $3.3 million of barramundi were caught in the NT.
Also in countries such as Belize in USA, the annual economic benefits from reef and mangrove dependent fisheries is estimated at between US$14–16 million. Furthermore, mangroves also benefit the economy by providing recreational facilities for example, in 2007 many coastal Belizeans Coral reef- and mangrove-associated tourism contributed an estimated US$150 million to $196 million to the national economy (12 percent to 15 percent of GDP).
Additionally, mangrove forests provide the society across the globe with huge range of 'ecological services' such as providing a source of timber which can be used to build dwellings and boats, fuel-wood for cooking and heating since Avicennia woods have a high calorific (heating) value, food and traditional medicines for example, the bark of Avicennia marina can be used to treat stingray stings. All of these mangrove products can raise the economy of the country by being sold by the individuals that collect them. For example, in countries such as Sri Lanka, the collective mangrove products represent a total gross value of US$ 1,171/household/year. They contribute to the income of poor, medium and rich income category by approximately 42%, 37% and 21% respectively.
Mangroves are also food sources for the surrounding ecosystems. In New South Wales, it was reported that one square kilometre of mangrove forest contributes to about 600 tonnes of plant material each year to the estuary food chain. Also, mangroves also provide birds sanctuary for northern hemisphere birds. For example, it was reported that a wide variety of 128 bird species have been found inhabiting mangroves in Darwin Harbour.
They also provide students with valuable source for understanding the complex scientific interrelationships involved in the mangrove ecosystem for example linking the changes in abiotic factors with the changes in the biotic factors along the mangroves intertidal zone.
Mangroves can also act as barriers against tsunamis, cyclones and hurricanes. Empirical and field based evidence is limited, but analytical models show that 30 trees per 100m2 in a 100m wide belt may reduce tsunami flow rate by as much as 90%. For example in 1960 a tsunami hit the coast of Bangladesh in an area where the mangroves were intact. No-one died. These mangroves were subsequently cut down by the shrimp (prawn) farming industry and in 1991 thousands of people were killed when a tsunami of the same magnitude hit the same region.
Mangroves create a physical barrier, slowing water movement from the land and trapping sediments. Accordingly they make land and reduce the erosion along estuaries and creeks and by doing so, they reduce contaminants and sediment run up into the water and act as natural bio-filters, maintaining the health of coral reefs and coastal habitats.
Furthermore, the mangrove forests play an important role in sequestering coastal carbon from the atmosphere and dissolving it into the ocean. Although the intertidal mangrove forests cover only 0.1% of the earth's surface, they contribute up to 10 % worldwide of the ocean's dissolved organic carbon. This is approximately equal to the amount reaching the ocean from the Amazon river, the largest single source of dissolved organic carbon.
Unlike CO2 absorbed directly from the atmosphere, much of the carbon produced by mangrove trees is bound up in large molecules which are highly resistant to decomposition, and is therefore likely to be held in the ocean for decades instead of being returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
Due to the extractive activities in mangrove forests in Australia such as the illegal collection of crabs and mangroves' fruits for medicinal purposes as well as timber harvesting, the government and several agencies have introduced laws to protect the mangorve forests. For example on the 1st of March 2009, in Queensland, the Government introduced green zones which protects 16 % of the Moreton bay marine park. The Government has placed, a $21 million investment in the park which includes a $15 million Structural Adjustment Program to reduce the environmental and economic effects of commercial fishing effort displaced by the new zoning arrangements by purchasing commercial fishing licences
Another example is that in 2003, 465 km2 of mangroves and associated habitats around Darwin Harbour were zoned conservation areas by several agencies, including EPA ( Environmental protection Agency), DPI ( Department of planning and infrastructure) and several others, under an amendment to the Northern Territory Planning Scheme. This includes 95.6% of mangroves in the harbour. Also, in South Australia, 28% of the mangroves are lying within protected areas that are covered by a number of acts set by the government
Explanation / Answer
The mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each year in ecosystem services, as they acts as bases for successful fishing and prawning industry since they provide breeding, feeding and nursery areas for marine species worldwide. <--This sentence is too long and confusing. Try breaking it up into 2 or 3 shorter sentences. Also, remember that you are writing about forests, - plural! Also, you need more of a broad introductory paragraph and thesis statement explaining where you are going with this paper.
This should be a new paragraph-->Studies in Eastern Australia have estimated that around 67% of the entire commercial catch is composed of species dependent upon mangrove estuarine areas. The northern Prawn fishery, one of the most valuable fisheries in Australia, which is lined by mangrove communities, injects millions of dollars each year into the NT<--What does NT stand for? When using abbreviations, make sure you first state what they stand for. economy. For example, In 1996/97 around 3266 tonnes of prawns were produced from NT waters, valued at around $51 million. In addition, approximately $7.5 million of mud crab and $3.3 million of barramundi were caught in the NT.
Can the above and below paragraphs be tied together?
In countries such as Belize in USA, the annual economic benefits from reef and mangrove dependent fisheries is estimated to be between US$14–16 million. Furthermore, mangroves also benefit the economy by providing recreational facilities for example, in 2007 many coastal Belizeans Coral reef- and mangrove-associated tourism contributed an estimated US$150 million to $196 million to the national economy (12 to 15 percent of the GDP).
Additionally, mangrove forests provide the society across the globe with a huge range of 'ecological services'(<<Why the quotes??) New sentence>>such as providing a source of timber which can be used to build dwellings and boats, fuel-wood for cooking and heating since Avicennia woods have a high calorific (heating) value, food and traditional medicines for example, the bark of Avicennia marina can be used to treat stingray stings. <<Make this 2 or 3 sentences. All of these mangrove products can raise the economy of the country by being sold by the individuals that collect them. For example, in countries such as Sri Lanka, the collective mangrove products represent a total gross value of US$ 1,171/household/year. They contribute to the income of poor, medium and rich income category by approximately 42%, 37% and 21% respectively.
Mangroves are also food sources for the surrounding ecosystems. In New South Wales, it was reported that one square kilometre of mangrove forest contributes to about 600 tonnes of plant material each year to the estuary food chain. Also, mangroves also provide birds sanctuary for northern hemisphere birds. For example, it was reported that a wide variety of 128 bird species have been found inhabiting mangroves in Darwin Harbour. Watch how many times you use the word "also"
They also provide students with valuable source for understanding the complex scientific interrelationships involved in the mangrove ecosystem for example linking the changes in abiotic factors with the changes in the biotic factors along the mangroves intertidal zone.
Mangroves can also act as barriers against tsunamis, cyclones and hurricanes. Empirical and field based evidence is limited, but analytical models show that 30 trees per 100m2 in a 100m wide belt may reduce tsunami flow rate by as much as 90%. For example in 1960 a tsunami hit the coast of Bangladesh in an area where the mangroves were intact. No-one died. These mangroves were subsequently cut down by the shrimp (prawn) farming industry and in 1991 thousands of people were killed when a tsunami of the same magnitude hit the same region.
Can this be tied together with the above paragraph??Mangroves create a physical barrier, slowing water movement from the land and trapping sediments. Accordingly they make land and reduce the erosion along estuaries and creeks and by doing so, they reduce contaminants and sediment run up into the water and act as natural bio-filters, maintaining the health of coral reefs and coastal habitats.
Furthermore, the mangrove forests play an important role in sequestering coastal carbon from the atmosphere and dissolving it into the ocean. Although the intertidal mangrove forests cover only 0.1% of the earth's surface, they contribute up to 10 % worldwide of the ocean's dissolved organic carbon. This is approximately equal to the amount reaching the ocean from the Amazon river, the largest single source of dissolved organic carbon.
Unlike CO2 absorbed directly from the atmosphere, much of the carbon produced by mangrove trees is bound up in large molecules which are highly resistant to decomposition, and is therefore likely to be held in the ocean for decades instead of being returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. One sentence does not make a paragraph.
Due to the extractive activities in mangrove forests in Australia such as the illegal collection of crabs and mangroves' fruits for medicinal purposes as well as timber harvesting, the government and several agencies have introduced laws to protect the mangorve forests. For example on the 1st of March 2009, in Queensland, the Government introduced green zones which protects 16 % of the Moreton bay marine park. The Government has placed, a $21 million investment in the park which includes a $15 million Structural Adjustment Program to reduce the environmental and economic effects of commercial fishing effort displaced by the new zoning arrangements by purchasing commercial fishing licences.
Another example is that in 2003, 465 km2 of mangroves and associated habitats around Darwin Harbour were zoned conservation areas by several agencies, including EPA ( Environmental protection Agency), DPI ( Department of planning and infrastructure) and several others, under an amendment to the Northern Territory Planning Scheme. This includes 95.6% of mangroves in the harbour. Also, in South Australia, 28% of the mangroves are lying within protected areas that are covered by a number of acts set by the government
Interesting information, but where did it all come from? You need to cite your sources. Most of your information is just facts. Try to make the reader interested in it by providing examples. (You have some.) Once you formulate a thesis sentence in your introduction, try to relate each paragraph back to the thesis. Also, you need to rework your structure. Your paragraphs really have no order to them and are very random. Formulating a thesis sentence will help you with this. Try to make 3 main points in your paper and then support those through evidence. Nice start on research, though.