Can you please do this I really want to do this Read the following famous exampl
ID: 79490 • Letter: C
Question
Can you please do this I really want to do thisRead the following famous example of the scientific method in action. There was an outbreak of cholera in Soho in London in 1854 and it was not known how cholera was spread or that it was due to dirty water. A doctor named John Snow used the scientific method to see if he could determine how cholera was spread and prevent further outbreaks. On the night of August 31st, what Dr. Snow later called "the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in the kingdom" broke out. It was as violent as it was sudden. During the next three days, 127 people living in or around Broad Street died. Few families, rich or poor, were spared the loss of at least one member. Dr. Snow patrolled the district, interviewing the families of the victims. His research led him to a pump on the corner of Broad Street and Cambridge Street, at the epicenter of the epidemic. "I found," he wrote afterwards, "that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the pump." Some anomalies are worth noting. Although the large workhouse just north of Broad Street housed over 500 paupers, it suffered very few cholera deaths because it had its own well (not shown on the map). Likewise, The workers at the brewery one block east of the Broad Street pump could drink all the beer they wanted, and none of the brewery workers contracted cholera. Many of the deaths further away from the Broad Street pump were people who walked to work or market on the Broad Street and drank from that well. The water from the Broad Street well reportedly tasted better than water from most of the neighboring wells, particularly the smelly water Snow plotted all the locations of the outbreaks on a map of London. He then made some observations and proposed a hypothesis, which he then tested. This map shows only the Broadwick Street pump, however, Snow’s complete map shows locations of the 13 public wells in the area, and the 578 cholera deaths mapped by home address. Deaths are marked as black bars stacked perpendicular to the streets. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. What is the hypothesis for this example? 2. Describe an experiment that could be used to test the hypothesis. 3. Does the experiment use a control group? If so, what was the control? 4. Tell a possible result. 5. Was the hypothesis supported. PUMP
Explanation / Answer
1)
Cholera outbreak in London is caused by a spread of pathogen from some source and that could be close to Broad street as many cases were reported from there.
Additional information;
Dr. Snow knows that Cholera is food/water borne disease and if it occurs in a particular small place, all the patients were more like to catch the disease from a common source.
2)
a) Data 1:
Interview all the patients to ask where did they obtain their food and water in the past few days? and what are the places they visited ? and with whom they interacted in the past few days?
Obtain the same information from the family members who are unaffected
b) Data 2:
In addition, go to adjacent place where epidemic was nor observed and collect the data. In the same region, identify individuals who traveled to Broad Street and caught cholera and did not catch Cholera. Find out the differences in the activities carried out by the individuals belonging to two groups.
In data 1, compare patients and unaffected and check if the patients took food/water from a particular source and unaffected individuals did not take from that source.
In data 2,we can make similar comparison.
3)
Yes. It used a control group.
Unaffected patients in the Broad street and the adjacent areas are controls.
4)
Those who drank water from the well in Broad Street were affected irrespective of their place of residence. Those who drank water from different wells were unaffected.
5)
Yes. The hypothesis is supported by another observation of Dr. Snow. He found that water from the Broad Street well had smell and taste whereas that of other wells had not.
Pure water should be tasteless. Smell and taste indicated presence of organic nutrients in water and bacterial activity.
Water from Broad Street well is tasty and contained cholera bacteria where as that of other wells are tasteless and did not contain Cholera bacteria.