I really ned help defining all these terms. I partiularly need to tie the concep
ID: 802247 • Letter: I
Question
I really ned help defining all these terms. I partiularly need to tie the concept back to the term in the bold above it. Please describe EACH as much as possible.
Marine Chemistry
The wonderful world of hydrogen bonds
Surface tension; cohesion; adhesion; capillarity, universal solvent
States of water: (solid, liquid, gas)
Very large amounts of heat (calories) to change states: High latent heat of
melting, and very high latent heat of vaporization.
Density of water
Maximum density not at solid
Why ice floats
How salt changes freezing point
Hydrologic cycle
Major components in seawater
How is salinity measured
How do the salts get to the ocean
Salts in & salts out
How does the water itself get in and out?
“Clines”: Thermo-, pycno- haloclines: how they are related. Significance of no “clines” vs strong “clines”
Gases in the ocean
How do they get there? Conservative vs non-conservative
CO2, calcium, and the buffering of the ocean
Oxygen concentrations from surface to depths
Light in the ocean
Blues transmitted the furthest
Why ocean looks blue or green
Sound in the ocean
Different velocity zones; SOFAR
Air/Sea interactions
Unequal heating of earth
Albedo
How heat and cold move around the planet
Earth’s tilt: 23.5o declination à seasons with unequal day lengths
Weather in troposphere
Coriolis: to the right in northern hemisphere; to the left in southern. Earth spins at
different speeds at different latitudes: most at equator; least at poles
Cells (Hadley, Ferrel, Polar), direction and names of prevailing winds and
associated latitudes
Effect of land on wind movement
High and Low Pressure systems
Fronts, storms;
cyclones: how they form
Tropical and extratropical
Hurricanes (in general) and how they are powered, storm surge
Ocean Circulation
Surface currents:
Major gyres:
Relationship to prevailing winds, continents and the Coriolis effect
Geostrophic currents: balance of Coriolis and gravity
Ekman transport
Westward intensification
Gulf stream
Meandering and eddy formation
Upwelling
Coastal
Equatorial
Langmuir circulation (upwelling & downwelling)
Pacific circulation
Walker circulation
El Niño
La Niña
Indian Ocean circulation
Monsoons
Southern Ocean
West wind drift
East wind drift
Thermohaline (deep water) circulation:
Where and why water sinks
Major deep water masses
Antarctic Bottom Water
North Atlantic Deep Water
Antarctic Deep Water
Antarctic Intermediate Water
Arctic Intermediate Water
Mediterranean Intermediate Water
The conveyor belt (Overall function)
Explanation / Answer
Marine chemistry:
Surface tension is a kind of force exerted on the surface the fluid. the components of force are cancelled out everywhere except on the surface.
Cohesive force areforces exerted on the same kind of material whereas adhesive forces are exerted in two or more different materials
High latent energy of water is due to its hydrogen boñd.
Max density of water is at 4°C.
Ice has less density than water itself due to the presence on porosity.
Salt behaves like a non volatile material thus it decrease the freezing poin
Hydrological cycle is a total budget of water content present in atmosphere and upto the near surface of the earth. Evaporation transmission run off infiltration etc are involved
Components are Nacl, magnesium, carbonate,phosphorous, etc
Salinity is measured in ppm and having 35/1000 average
Blue color has a lowest wavelength in the visible spectrum and thus has higher scattering.
Air/sea interaction:
Unequal of heating happens when water suface, unsaurated land cover and wet land get heated in different rates.