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1.
31. Scientists have been able to create laboratory colonies of E. coli capable of producing human insulin. Which of the following best describes how this is done?
Gene-splicing techniques are used to physically rearrange the E. coli genes in the same sequence as they appear in human cells.
Recombinant DNA procedures are used to introduce human DNA into the genome of E. coli cells.
The gene sequence of E. coli cells is mapped to identify and separate cells having genetic codes most similar to those of human cells.
Radiation is used to induce a sequence of mutations in the E. coli DNA sequence to make it identical with the DNA in human cells.
2.
Read the passage below; then answer the question that follows.
Climatic changes result in a marked decrease in rainfall over an area that is covered by continuous forest. Over time, the forest gradually disappears and is replaced by grassland, except in the valleys created by rivers that flow across the area. Populations of a species of forest-living animals that were once continuously distributed over the area are now cut off from one another and isolated in the river valleys.
32. According to modern evolutionary theory, which of the following changes in these isolated populations will most likely occur over time?
Members of all populations will adapt in a similar way to environmental change so that all animals in the area will continue to form a single species.
The populations will genetically diverge as each population adapts to its own unique environment, and new species may emerge.
Members of isolated populations will become better adapted to grassland habitats in order to maintain contact with other populations and ensure the survival of their species.
The species will soon become extinct due to inbreeding within isolated populations that can no longer exchange genes over a wide area.
3.
33. Which of the following statements about natural selection is most accurate?
Natural selection is the process by which adaptations acquired by individuals during their lifetime are passed down to the next generation.
Natural selection is the process by which new traits are introduced into a species in response to environmental change.
Natural selection is the process by which better-adapted individuals in a population leave more descendants than do less well-adapted individuals.
Natural selection is the process by which one species competes with another species for the same natural resource.
4.
34. Which of the following statements best supports the theory of evolution?
Some extinct species are more commonly found as fossils than are other extinct species.
Some modern species, such as the horseshoe crab, have changed very little from their ancestors that lived many millions of years ago.
Variation in both morphology and behavior is present in most species, including those that are well adapted to their environments.
Some currently existing species, such as horses, can be directly connected with their ancestors through a sequence of fossil forms.
5.
38. The destruction of plant and animal life in lakes and ponds is due to acid precipitation that is caused primarily by:
the release of mercury and other heavy metals into the air from municipal incinerators.
the release of radioactive gas and particles into the air from nuclear power plants.
the release of sulfur dioxide into the air from coal-fired electrical generating plants.
the release of carbon dioxide into the air from internal combustion engines.
6.
39. According to current theory, the Earth's magnetic field is most likely produced by:
electrical currents generated by convection movements in the molten iron of the Earth's outer core
large deposits of magnetite, iron, nickel, and other magnetic material in the Earth's crust.
electrical currents generated by the potential difference between the negative charged surface of the Earth and its positive charged core.
variations in the Earth's gravitational field caused by the relative motions of the Earth, moon, and sun.
7.
40. In 1862 Lord Kelvin used thermodynamic principles to calculate the Earth's rate of heat loss into space. Assuming that the Earth went through a molten phase, Kelvin calculated that the Earth could only be a few million years old. Current scientific evidence indicates that the Earth is over 4 billion years old. Which of the following is the most likely reason for Kelvin's error?
Kelvin did not recognize that heat is constantly generated by the Earth's gravitational interaction with the sun, moon, and other planets.
Kelvin's assumption that the Earth was largely molten at one point in its history was incorrect.
Kelvin did not take into account the effect of the Earth's atmosphere in trapping heat and slowing the loss of heat into space.
Kelvin did not know that heat is constantly generated deep inside the Earth by radioactive decay.
8.
4. A teacher presents each student in the class with a small, irregularly shaped piece of metal and asks them to measure its volume. Which of the following is the most appropriate approach in determining the volume of the metal?
Balance the metal piece with a cube of metal on a pan balance, then measure the length, width, and height of the metal cube to calculate the volume.
Fill a beaker with a known volume of water and weigh it on a scale, then immerse the metal object and measure the change in the weight of the beaker.
Divide the metal piece into regular geometric shapes, then measure the length, width, and height of each shape.
Fill a graduated cylinder with a known volume of water, then immerse the metal object and measure the change in water volume.
9.
5. In which of the following studies of animal behavior are the actions of the researcher most likely to affect the behavior of the animals?
A scientist captures birds in nets and attaches a band to a leg of each bird so that she can study their migratory behavior.
A scientist habituates a group of chimpanzees to her presence so that she can observe their social interactions at close range.
A scientist counts the number of foxes and rabbits living in a one-square-kilometer wooded area so that he can study changes in the predator-prey ratio over time.
A scientist moves a colony of bees into a hive with one glass wall so that he can observe the social behavior of these insects.
10.
6. Which of the following rationales best describes why scientists perform statistical tests on their data?
to determine the best method for organizing and displaying the information.
to develop a method for making their conclusion appear more valid to the general public
to determine whether the results of an experiment are significant or due to chance
to find formulas for expressing the results of an experiment as a quantitative mathematical theory
11.
8. Use the passage below to answer the question that follows.
For thousands of years, Chinese herbal healers have treated malaria with an herb they call qinghoa, a plant that is known as sweet wormwood in the United States. Scientists long discounted tales of the plant's medicinal effectiveness. But now, Chinese scientists have isolated an ingredient in qinghoa, which they have named qinghoasu, that appears to be a powerful antimalarial agent.
Despite the success of qinghoasu in preliminary trials, it has been difficult to develop a large supply of the drug for further testing and treatment of malaria. A big part of the problem is economic: Malaria does not significantly impact industrialized nations, so they do not want to spend money studying the disease. Nations afflicted by malaria generally cannot afford the high cost of drug research and drug manufacturing.
This passage best illustrates which of the following generalizations about science?
Science sometimes develops theoretical solutions for problems that cannot be implemented by the available technology.
Science and technology have rarely influenced the course of human history.
Science and technology are strongly influenced by the different values and priorities of many individuals and groups.
Science and technology are powerful tools, but there are some human problems they can not solve.
12.
10. Which of the following is an example of using a model to investigate a natural system?
A physicist directs a high energy laser through a chamber filled with gas to create and study reactions similar to those occurring in the sun.
A paleontologist compares a fossil tooth from an extinct animal to teeth from several living animals to identify the extinct animal's diet.
A meteorologist collects data on local weather conditions and compares it to weather conditions on the same date for previous years.
A biologist attaches radio collars to members of an endangered species to identify the species' most critical habitats to protect.
13.
13. A student observes that when a magnetic compass is brought near a wire carrying electric current, the compass needle is deflected from magnetic north. When the current is shut off, the needle points toward magnetic north. Which of the following best explains why this occurs?
Good electrical conductors are also permanent magnets.
Moving electric charges produce magnetic fields.
The poles of a permanent magnet are regions of excess electrical charge.
Magnetic fields exert forces on electric charges.
14.
one of the original liquids that has changed state from a liquid to a solid.
a solid that was previously dissolved in one of the original liquids.
a new substance produced by a chemical reaction between the original liquids.
a mixture of the two liquids that is normally a solid at the temperature of the flask.
15.
16. Which of the following occurs because water expands when it freezes?
Glaciers flow over level ground as well as down the sides of mountains.
Hailstones can grow to be much larger than raindrops.
Lakes and ponds freeze from the top down rather than from the bottom up.
A foot of snow contains approximately as much water as an inch of rain.
16.
Use the section below from the periodic table to answer the question that follows.
Si P S
Ge As Se
Sn Sb Te
19. Element P forms compounds of the form PX2 with element X. Which of the following additional compounds with element X is most likely to be formed?
SiX2
GeX2
SX2
SbX2
17.
Sound waves travel faster in materials in which the molecular bonds are ionic.
Sound waves travel faster in materials that are made up of small molecules.
Sound waves travel faster in materials that have a high molecular mass.
Sound waves travel faster in materials in which the molecules are densely packed.
18.
23. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the primary process for generating energy in the sun and other stars?
Hydrogen is burned by combining with oxygen.
Unstable radioactive isotopes fission into more stable elements.
Atoms of hydrogen fuse to produce helium and other heavier elements.
Hydrogen atoms release energy as they break down into elemental particles.
19.
24. Physical therapists often treat patients with muscle soreness by applying a hot pack. One type of hot pack consists of a bag of crystals. When the bag is shaken or crushed, it becomes warm and can be applied to the painful area. The heat generated by this type of hot pack is an example of:
an exothermic process.
spontaneous combustion.
an endothermic process.
the release of latent heat.
20.
25. An electric motor converts 1,000 J of electrical energy into 900 J of work as it pumps water from a flooded basement to the ground above. Which of the following statements best describes the energy analysis of this situation?
Approximately 10 percent of the electrical energy is converted into heat by increasing the random kinetic motion of the molecules in the environment.
Approximately 10 percent of the electrical energy is destroyed by interactions among the electromagnetic forces in the motor.
Approximately 90 percent of the electrical energy is converted to elastic potential energy by increasing the intermolecular forces between the water molecules.
Approximately 90 percent of the electrical energy is converted to chemical potential energy by decreasing the entropy of the water.
21.
law of conservation of mass
law of conservation of proportions
law of conservation of charge
law of conservation of energy
22.
42. What is the primary role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?
breaking down nitrogenous wastes produced by animals
making atmospheric nitrogen available for plants to use
maintaining appropriate levels of dissolved nitrogen needed by plankton in the oceans
decomposing nitrates from the soil to release nitrogen gas into the atmosphere
23.
43. Most scientists believe that the increase in global mean temperature that has been observed over the last 150 years is most likely the result of an increase in:
production of volcanic gases, due to higher levels of plate tectonic activity.
decomposition of plant material, due to the replacement of forests with intensive agriculture.
burning of fossil fuels, due to increased societal demands for energy.
animal respiration, due to an increase in the number of both humans and domestic livestock.
24.
the weight gained per day for each mouse during the experiment.
the different types of food offered to the second group of mice.
the change in the age of each mouse during the experiment.
the total quantity of food eaten each day by all the mice in both groups.
25.
hypothesis 1
hypothesis 2
hypothesis 3
hypothesis 4
26.
warmer air can hold more water vapor than colder air
the volume of a gas increases as temperature increases
the latent heat of vaporization of water is greater than the latent heat of melting
warm, moist air is less dense than warm, dry air
27.
50. Current estimates of the age of the Earth are based on which of the following kinds of evidence?
the fact that in a sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest beds occur on the bottom
the assumption that the operation of natural laws does not change over long periods of time
the recognition that groups of fossilized plants and animals occur in a definite order in the geologic record
the knowledge that radioactive isotopes decay at predictable rates over geologic time
28.
51. According to current theory, the Himalaya Mountains were formed by which of the following processes?
The Asian continental plate impacted on the South Pacific oceanic plate, producing zones of compression and subduction.
The Asian continental plate pulled apart due to tensile forces, producing a rift valley with uplifted mountains on each side.
The Asian continental plate and the Indian continental plate collided, producing compression and uplift along the line of impact.
The Asian continental plate passed over a hot plume of magma from the interior of the Earth, producing major volcanic activity in the area.
29.
Use the passage below to answer the question that follows.
Students in a middle school science class hear on the radio that several water wells in their town have become contaminated with toxins. After discussing the issue in class, students investigate the situation by reading newspaper and magazine articles and interviewing local experts about the situation. They discover that the wells were contaminated by leaking underground gasoline storage tanks. Next, they prepare a map showing the locations of all the wells in town, including those that have been tested and are known to be contaminated. The map also shows the locations of the gasoline storage tanks believed to be the sources of the contamination.
53. Which of the following additional activities would be most effective in helping students learn about the logical progression of steps in scientific problem solving?
Develop a conclusion about why the gasoline tanks began to leak.
Prepare a report on the effects of the various contaminants on the water supply.
Predict which other wells in town are also likely to be contaminated.
Design a test they can use to determine if other wells in town are contaminated.
30.
55. For an eighth-grade science project, students are asked to build model windmills. The students are instructed to use materials found in the home or classroom, small generators, electrical connections provided by the teacher, and fans to simulate wind. Once the models have been built and tested, the teacher wishes to encourage students to generate hypotheses about modifications that would improve the energy efficiency of their models. Which of the following questions would best achieve this goal?
How can you most accurately determine your model's energy efficiency?
Does your model operate as efficiently as possible?
How would changing the shape or position of the windmill blades affect the efficiency of the model?
Which components did you use and how did you put them together to make your model efficient?
31.
57. Which of the following situations best describes the use of formative assessments in teaching science?
A teacher gives several homework assignments and quizzes throughout a unit on interpreting chemical equations. The teacher uses the results of these assessments to determine how well students are learning the material and adjusts instruction appropriately.
A teacher has students work in pairs to perform an inquiry investigation on factors that affect the rate of a chemical equation. The teacher has each pair of students submit for grading a detailed lab report communicating the results of their investigation.
A teacher has individual students create a portfolio in which they choose the three best examples of their experimental and non-experimental inquiry investigations related to chemical reactions. The teacher uses the portfolio as part of each student's grade for that term.
A teacher designs an end-of-the-year chemistry assessment that consists of multiple-choice questions, an essay question, and a performance assessment involving the identification of an unknown chemical. The assessment counts for 20 percent of the students' final grade.
32.
Invite a representative of an animal rights organization to speak to the class about humane treatment of laboratory animals.
Assign one student from each group to care for the group's mice and to monitor other students in the group when they handle the mice.
Make available to students copies of articles from professional journals that deal with caring for animals in laboratory facilities.
Rotate the responsibility for the care of the mice among class members and supervise the students when they handle the mice.
33.
68. After studying the Arctic tundra ecosystem, the class examines the interactions of great horned owls and their prey in a woodland ecosystem. The students learn that compared to snowy owls, great horned owls utilize a greater number of prey species that occupy a variety of ecological niches, but with a total biomass similar to that of lemmings in the Arctic. Given this fact, it is most likely that woodland populations of great horned owls differ from tundra populations of snowy owls in which of the following ways?
Populations of woodland great horned owls are likely to be more stable over time than populations of tundra snowy owls.
The maximum number of great horned owls per square mile of woodland is likely to be greater than the maximum number of snowy owls per square mile of tundra.
Great horned owls are more likely than snowy owls to wander out of their home area after the nesting season.
Snowy owls are likely to lay fewer eggs than great horned owls, and their young are likely to grow more slowly and leave the nest later than great horned owl young.
34.
Use the passage below to answer the question that follows.
In most animals, body processes function most effectively with a stable internal environment. Because of this, many animals maintain a stable internal environment regardless of conditions in the external environment. However, the internal environments of other animals vary within much wider limits, even if activity levels decrease as a result. For example, endotherms such as birds and mammals, maintain a high body temperature even when the outside temperature drops below freezing. The body temperature of ectotherms, which include many reptiles and amphibians, drops when the outside temperature decreases. As they lose body heat, ectotherms become sluggish. When the temperature rises, they increase their activity and engage in feeding and other behavior. Many ectotherms lose body heat and become inactive during the night. In the morning they replace the lost heat energy by basking in the sun.
73. Which of the following statements best summarizes one important advantage of ectothermy compared to endothermy?
Ectotherms are less vulnerable to predators because they are less active than endotherms.
Ectotherms are less susceptible to diseases because their internal temperatures vary outside the tolerable range for most pathogens.
Ectotherms need to eat less food than endotherms because their energy requirements are lower.
Ectotherms can move about more rapidly than endotherms during hot days because they can maintain a higher body temperature.
35.
Use the passage below to answer the question that follows.
In most animals, body processes function most effectively with a stable internal environment. Because of this, many animals maintain a stable internal environment regardless of conditions in the external environment. However, the internal environments of other animals vary within much wider limits, even if activity levels decrease as a result. For example, endotherms such as birds and mammals, maintain a high body temperature even when the outside temperature drops below freezing. The body temperature of ectotherms, which include many reptiles and amphibians, drops when the outside temperature decreases. As they lose body heat, ectotherms become sluggish. When the temperature rises, they increase their activity and engage in feeding and other behavior. Many ectotherms lose body heat and become inactive during the night. In the morning they replace the lost heat energy by basking in the sun.
74. Unlike modern reptiles, some large sauropod dinosaurs, such as Brachiosaurus, are thought to have been endothermic even though they probably lacked the complex temperature regulation system of most modern endotherms, such as mammals and birds. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for endothermy in these dinosaurs?
Large sauropod dinosaurs had a very small amount of skin surface area relative to the volume of their bodies.
Large sauropod dinosaurs spent a great deal of time in the water, which reduced the amount of energy expenditure that was necessary to support their body weight.
Large sauropod dinosaurs ate a variety of soft, easily digestible plants and had to use less energy to maintain digestive efficiency.
Large sauropod dinosaurs lived in stable, tropical climates where ambient temperatures during the day were close to their internal temperature.
36.
competition with members of its own species of tree.
predation by insects and other herbivores.
competition with members of other species of trees.
variation in conditions of the physical environment.
37.
The uniform habitat of the northern coniferous forests reduces the number of ecological niches.
Very few insects and animals can withstand the variable weather conditions of the northern coniferous forests.
Low year-round levels of sunlight reduce the overall productivity of the northern coniferous forests.
The needles of coniferous trees in the northern coniferous forests are low in nutrients and high in toxins.
38.
33.3 kg-m/s²
333.3 kg-m/s²
3000 kg-m/s²
30,000 kg-m/s²
39.
Lengthening the rope increases the magnitude of the horizontal component of the force vector used to pull the sled.
Lengthening the rope increases the man's leverage for pulling the sled by decreasing the length of the sled's load arm.
Lengthening the rope decreases the amount of contact friction between the sled runners and the ice.
Lengthening the rope increases the magnitude of the vertical component of the force vector used to pull the sled.
40.
The boiling point of Liquid A must be less than the boiling point of Liquid B.
The heat of vaporization of Liquid A must be less than the heat of vaporization of Liquid B.
The heat capacity of Liquid A must be less than the heat capacity of Liquid B.
The heat of formation of Liquid A must be less than the heat of formation of Liquid B.
41.
The work is equal to the length of the pendulum string times the force of gravity.
The work is equal to the acceleration of the mass at position I.
The work is equal to the amount of time required for the mass to complete one cycle.
The work is equal to the potential energy of the mass at position II.
42.
Large temperature inversions are likely to form over the ocean.
Relatively high amounts of precipitation are likely to fall on the ocean side of the mountains
Strong, dry winds are likely to descend from the mountains and settle over the ocean.
A low-pressure system consisting of moist, warm air is likely to settle on the land side of the mountains.
43.
Tectonic forces pushed two plates of the Earth's crust together.
Tectonic forces moved a crustal plate over a hot spot in the Earth's mantle.
Tectonic forces pulled the Earth's crust apart.
Tectonic forces raised a high plateau that was then down cut by a fastflowing river.
44.
an elliptical orbit on Earth's solar energy budget.
the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation on the seasons.
the angle of the sun's rays on the apparent color of the sky.
the oceans on the reflection and absorption of energy from the sun.
45.
a closed system in nature.
a system in dynamic equilibrium.
the effects of entropy in a natural system.
the conservation of energy in a system.
46.
High and low tides will both be at their lowest level of the month.
High tide will be at its highest level and low tide at its lowest level during the month.
High and low tides will both be at their highest level of the month.
High tide will be at its lowest level and low tide at its highest level during the month.
47.
position 1
position 2
position 3
position 4
48.
Two tectonic plates are pulling apart from each other
Two tectonic plates are colliding with each other
Two tectonic plates are slipping past each other
Two tectonic plates have been formed from one plate by volcanic activity
49.
metamorphic rock that has been produced by magma rising from a hot spot deep within the Earth's mantle.
sedimentary rock that has been folded and uplifted in the region along the margins of the two plates.
igneous rock that has been created from basalts that make up the oceanic crust.
metamorphic rock that has been created by subjecting limestone sediments in the deep ocean to heat and pressure.
50.
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
Treatment 3
Treatment 4
51.
Black wool is a recessive trait, and sheep X is heterozygous for wool color.
Black wool is a dominant trait, and sheep X is homozygous dominant for wool color.
Black wool is a dominant trait, and sheep X is heterozygous for wool color.
Black wool is a recessive trait, and sheep X is homozygous recessive for wool color.
52.
realize that measurements can be made more accurately by using Celsius units instead of Fahrenheit units
recognize that converting between measurement systems increases the precision of measurements.
compare the relative sizes of degrees in each scale and gain a better understanding of the relationships among the scales.
identify the advantages and disadvantages of using each scale and recognize the best scale to use for common applications.
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31. Scientists have been able to create laboratory colonies of E. coli capable of producing human insulin. Which of the following best describes how this is done?
Explanation / Answer
2. Members of isolated populations will become better adapted to grassland habitats in order to maintain contact with other populations and ensure the survival of their species. because as this population are isolated so they will better adopt to the new system and they'll survive.
3. Natural selection is the process by which better-adapted individuals in a population leave more descendants than do less well-adapted individuals. because less adapted indivisuals will go for extinction.
4. Variation in both morphology and behavior is present in most species, including those that are well adapted to their environments. best example would be dolphin which is an mamel living in water.
5. the release of sulfur dioxide into the air from coal-fired electrical generating plants. Acid rain occur when Sulfur dioxide come in contact with water it form H2S which when comes down in the form of rain fall causing acid rain.