Please write the each answers with long sentences and if you can add any picture
ID: 82227 • Letter: P
Question
Please write the each answers with long sentences and if you can add any picture or drawing please upload that together.
Thank you so much.
Refer to class lecture notes, study guides, the Evolution, Making Sense of Life text, (especially chapters 16, 17 and 18), Dan Leiberman's The Story of Human Bo the Your Inner Fish text and video series (video available online at HHMD, as well as legitimate internet sources like Wikipedia (watch out for Creationist sites). 1. Trace the evolutionary history and adaptive significance of each of the following human adaptive complexes or deep adaptations. adaptative complexes that we modern humans have inherited from out deep evolutionary past. In other words, develop an illustrated/illuminated handwritten account that traces the evolutionary history of each complex across deep time. Human Hearing System (focus on the evolution of the mammalian hearing system) Human Vision System (stereoscopic, retinal fovea, trichromatic color vision) The Modern Human Tactile sense (touch)Explanation / Answer
Evolution of mammalian hearing system
According to data gathered from embryology, it is widely believe that the region just inside the eardrum known as bones of the mammalian middle ear evolved from bones of the reptilian lower jaw joint. Besides the paleontological data, this hypothesis is derive on the fact that, in mammals, Meckel’s cartilage plays a role in forming the middle ear bones and mandible before subsequently disappearing.
The lower jaw joint of reptiles possess two of the three bones that comprise the mammalian middle ear. Therefore, during the transition of reptiles to mammals, two of the articular bones became separated from the posterior lower jaw and evolved into the incus and malleus, associated with the mammalian ear. Later discover in 2011 has reported that The malleus, incus, and ectotympanic are decoupled from the lower jaw to be held in place by an ossified cartilage which, in turn, linked to a groove on the lower jaw.
Evolution of vision system
It has been theorized that max-shifts might have been required as human ancestors started to switch from leading nocturnal lifestyles to more sophisticated lifestyles. This caused their vision to adjust to various twilight settings over time. Ancestral Boreotherian had two long wave length opsins created by gene duplication equal to the ancestral value. This led to the creation of the modern human long wavelength sensitive or red opsin. The new wavelength opponent neurons would be much more sensitive than the non-wavelength opponent neurons. This is the result of some wavelength distributions favoring excitation instead of inhibition.
Evolution of Tactile sense
The olfactory genetics of mammals are derived from the vertebrate lineage when looking at the size of the OR gene family. These mammalian OR genes have a tendency to cluster on chromosomal ends or telomeres. Evolutionary progress further ascertain by the adaptive characteristics of visual and tactile structures, with decline in olfactory abilities. This theory was further elaborated by suggesting the reduction of olfactory structures. It was attributed due to the diminished need for smell in arboreal environments. This theory was later challenged with the existence of arboreal mammals that do not exhibit primate traits that are considered adaptive with reduced olfaction, yet they are still successful within their respective environment. Studies have provided a structural explanation for the reduced olfaction in primates, proposing that degeneration of the nasal region resulted from crowding of the nasal cavity in conjunction with progressively convergent orbits.