I need the answers of these questions ,,,,,,,, they are from the subject Pathoph
ID: 95904 • Letter: I
Question
I need the answers of these questions ,,,,,,,, they are from the subject Pathophysiology and chapter Hormonal Disorders
please answer the following all questions
1- Define hormones understanding their role in the body.
2- Describe the endocrine feedback system as it relates to the release of hormones by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and other glands within the system.
3- Identify the hormones released by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and describe the function of each.
4- Examine the functions of growth, thyroid, cortisol, aldosterone, and anti-diuretic hormones.
5- Explore what causes or inhibits growth hormone release.
6- Differentiate between gigantism and acromegaly.
7- Discuss signs and symptoms of growth hormone deficiency and excess.
8- Discuss the differences in hyper- and hypothyroidism including most common causes, clinical manifestations, and complications.
9- Explore the differences in Addison’s Disease and Cushing Syndrome including most common causes, clinical manifestations.
10- Discuss the differences in SIADH and diabetes insipidus including clinical manifestations and causes.
11- Identify the roles of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and glycogen.
12- Define diabetes mellitus.
13- Discuss the differences in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus including: Pathophysiology of each (i.e. beta cell desctruction or insulin resistance), contributing factors (causes), signs and symptoms of each, and complications that may occur with each such as hypoglycemia, DKA, HHNK, Somogyi Effect, and Dawn Phenomenon (be sure to know the specific differences in each complication).
14- Identify normal blood glucose levels.
15- Examine different diagnostic methods of diabetes mellitus such as the glycated hemoglobin test (Hgb A1C).
16- Discuss the many complications that may occur with diabetes mellitus including both macrovascular and microvascular effects.
17- Identify the disorders that make up metabolic syndrome and discuss the importance of early diagnosis.
Explanation / Answer
Ans1. Hormone is a "chemical substance, manufactured by a local groups of specialized cells, which enters the blood stream and influences the function of neighboring or distant tissue".
Ans2. a. Hypothalamus is vitally important in the brain that links the endocrine and nervous system by sending and receiving signals.
b. It also controls pituitary gland.
c. Hormones from endocrine glands influence negative feedback loop of hypothalamus.
Ans3. a. Hormones secreted by Neurophypophysis:
1. Oxytocin causes the contraction of uterus at the time child birth.
2. Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) effect the water balance of animal. Dysfunction causes diabetes insipidus.
b. Hormones secreted by Adenohypophysis:
1. Growth Hormone - Less secretion causes dwarfism over secretion in young results gigantism. If over secretion takes place later (in adults) causes acromegaly (person has tremendously large limbs, lower jaw protrudes (prognathism), cheek bones are nlarged.
2. Thyrotropic Hormone: Stimulates the enlargement of thyroid gland, uptake of iodine and synthesis of thyroid hormone.
3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone - Stimulates the production of adrenal cortex (glucocorticoid)
4. Gonadotropic Hormone - a) Follicle stimulating hormone: Maintain spermatogenesis in males and growth of ovarian follicle in females
b) Luteinising hormone: Maturation of ovarian follicle and ovulation in females, stimulates secretion of testosterone hormone in males.
5. Prolactin: Stimulates secretion of milk by mammary glands.
6. Pancreas stimulating hormone: Causes growth of islets of langerhans tissue.
7. Ketogenic hormone: Causes breakdown of fats and ketone bodies.
8. Melanocyte stimulating hormone: Stimulates melanocytes to secrete melanin.
Ans4. Functions of hormone: Growth hormone: Stimulates growth of body tissues, bone, muscles, kidneys adipose and liver cells.
Thyroid: Controls basal metabolism.Underactivity (Hypothyroidism) of thyroid results in cretinism in the child, myxoedema in the adults. Over activity (Hyperthyroidism) of thyroid leads to exophthalmous.
Cortisol: Favors the breakdown of connective tissue. In conditions of stress its secretion is increased.
Aldesterone: Control sodium and potassium metabolism.
Ans5. GHRH,Ghrelin, stimulates secretion of growth hormone and somatstatin inhibits secretion of growth hormone.
Ans9. Hypofunction of contrical hormones results in Addision's disease. Carbohydrate metabolism is greatly effected.
Cushing's syndrome results due to prolonged exposure of cortisol. Symptoms are high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, round red face, redish stretch marks etc.
Ans11: a) Glucose is simple sugar which used as energy source.
b) Insulin controls carbohydrate metabolism, converts excess of glucose in blood into glycogen and stored in liver.
c) Glycogen acts on enzyme phosphorylase which controls the conversion of liver glycogen to glucose.
d) Glycogen is animal starch stored in liver, which is produced during glycogenesis.
Ans 12: Diabetes mellitus: It is a symdrome in which there is an excess of unused sugar in blood which is excreted in urine.
Ans14: The normal glucose in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (70 to 100 mg/L)