Classify the following compounds as ionic, polar or nonpolar covalent. CCl_4____
ID: 972782 • Letter: C
Question
Classify the following compounds as ionic, polar or nonpolar covalent. CCl_4__________NaN0_3__________NH^4Cl NH_3_________K_2SO_4_____________Which of the compounds in question 1 above can you be certain are solids at room temperature? Refer to section B. Kerosene is a nonpolar covalent compound, water is a polar covalent compound, and isopropyl alcohol is a covalent molecule with a polar nd a nonpolar part. How does this explain your observations about the miscibility of each of the pairs tested? kerosene and isopropyl alcohol: kerosene and water: isopropyl alcohol and water: In general, detergents are long molecules with a polar end and a nonpolar end. How does this explain their ability to remove oily stains from clothing in your washing machine? What observation during the extraction experiment suggests whether the I-I bond in iodine (I_2) is more ionic or covalent? Explain your reasoning. When methanol (CH_3OH) is combined with hydrochloric acid, possible products are methyl chloride (CH_3Cl) and water. Methyl chloride is a colorless gas at room temperature, and it is insoluble in water. Would you conclude methyl chloride is ionic or covalent?______________Write a balanced equation for this reaction.Explanation / Answer
1. Polar and Covalent :NH3, H2O
Ionic but Polar: NH4Cl, K2SO4, , NaNO3
Non Polar Covalent: CCl4,
Generally, those solvents or compounds that dissolve in water are polar. Water is polar assuming the solubility with water and principle of "Like loves Like" one can be sure that these are polar in nature. Polar compounds are soluble in polar solvents and like wise.
Ionic compounds are the ones which contains ions for example K2SO4 can be written as ionic pair of K2+SO4--
2. Compounds that are solid at room temperature:
1. NH4Cl, K2SO4, NaNO3 are solids at room temperature from their table of properties
3.
Kerosene and Isopropyl alchol: Kerosene is an organic liquid and so does Isopropyl alcohol, there are three 3 carbons in isopropyl alcohol and an -OH group. Kerosene molecule's Carbon and hydrogen atoms has strong Van der Wall's attraction to the carbon and hydrogen molecules in the isopropyl alcohol. The attraction forces are strong enough to overcome the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in isopropyl alcohol molecules. Hence the mixture of Kerosene and isopropyl alcohol remains are miscible.
Kerosene and Water: Kerosene is Organic in nature and Water is not organic solvent. Kerosene is non polar and Water is a polar molecule. There do not exist any Van der Wall interactions nor there exists any intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the Carbon and Hydrogen atoms of Kerosene and Water molecules. Secondly these interaction are not strong enough to overcome the intramolecular hydrogen bondings of Water molecules (meaning the hydrogen bondings between the water molecules itself H-OH and H-OH molecules). Hence they remain immiscible . Thus Kerosene and water are immiscible liquids.
Isopeopyl alcholol and Water: The mixture remains practically immiscible as isopropyl is an organic solvent and water is polar and also called as aqueous. Water molecules with H-O-H will neither form Van der Wall interactions nor it will form hydrogen bonding to form a misscible mixture with Isopropyl alchohol. Water molecules may be attracted to the -OH group of the isopropyl alcohol but may not have sufficient interactions to form a homogenous or miscible solution. The intramolecular hydogen bond interaction energy may not overcome to form a intermolecular hydrogen bond with the ispropyl alchohol molecules.
4. Detergents and soaps are used for cleaning because pure water can't remove oily, organic soiling. Detergents are primarily surfactants, which are obatined from petrochemicals. Surfactants lower the surface tension of water, essentially making it 'wetter' so that it is less likely to stick to itself and more likely to interact with stains .Many Detergents contain more than surfactants for example Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, Tweens , alkylbenzenesulphonate ,etc.Based upon which they are classified as Anionic, Nonionic and Zwiterionic, Cationic detergents.Detergents have hydrophobic end the or water-hating "tail "molecular chains and hydrophilic or water-loving "Head" components.The hydrophobic hydrocarbons are are attracted stains but are repelled by water. The hydrophilic end of the same molecule means that one end of the molecule will be attracted to water, while the other side is binding to stain. .Because of the distinct hydrophobic core established in a micelle, an aqueous solution containing a high concentration of surfactant can solubilize hydrophobic molecules (e.g., oils/stains) that would normally be insoluble in water.
5.. Iodine is covalent compound. Since it was not miscible or soluble in Water layer and was soluble in Kerosene layer it is a nonpolar compound. Secondly the two iodine molecules are attached to each other bearing negative charge making them non polar and electronegative.
6.The word chloride is used for to name the chemical compounds in which one or more chlorineatoms are covalently bonded. For example, methyl chloride, more commonly called chloromethane, (CH3Cl) is an organic compound with a covalent CCl bond. It is covalent non-polar
CH3OH(l) + HCl(aq) --> CH3Cl(g) + HOH(l)