Specific Details 1. Security Assessment Report Defining the ✓ Solved

Defining the OS brief explanation of operating systems (OS) fundamentals and information systems architectures.

1. Explain the user's role in an OS.

2. Explain the differences between kernel applications of the OS and the applications installed by an organization or user.

3. Describe the embedded OS.

4. Describe how operating systems fit in the overall information systems architecture, of which cloud computing is an emerging, distributed computing network architecture.

Include a brief definition of operating systems and information systems in your SAR.

OS Vulnerabilities

1. Explain Windows vulnerabilities and Linux vulnerabilities.

2. Explain the Mac OS vulnerabilities and vulnerabilities of mobile devices.

3. Explain the motives and methods for intrusion of MS and Linux operating systems.

4. Explain the types of security management technologies such as intrusion detection and intrusion prevention system.

5. Describe how and why different corporate and government systems are targets.

6. Describe different types of intrusions such as SQL PL/SQL, XML, and other injections.

Paper For Above Instructions

Operating systems (OS) are essential software components that manage computer hardware and software resources, providing a stable environment for application programs to run. Defined broadly, an operating system is a system software that acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware. Information systems (IS), on the other hand, are structured systems for collecting, storing, and processing data. They consist of technology, people, and processes to manage information effectively (Stair & Reynolds, 2019).

User’s Role in an Operating System

The user's role within an operating system encompasses various levels of interaction, generally classified into two categories: system-level and application-level. At the system level, users can manage hardware resources and configurations, run processes, and install or uninstall software. At the application level, users interact with software applications to perform specific tasks (Silberschatz et al., 2018). This dual role is crucial, as users can determine how effectively the OS operates and utilize system resources.

Kernel Applications vs. User-Installed Applications

Kernel applications of the operating system, such as device drivers and system utilities, operate directly with the hardware and manage system resources. In contrast, applications installed by organizations or users, known as user applications, run on top of the OS and rely on kernel applications for hardware access (Tanenbaum & Austin, 2012). This distinction is significant, as kernel applications often handle lower-level interactions with hardware, while user applications provide functionalities aimed at specific tasks.

Embedded Operating Systems

Embedded operating systems are specialized OS designed to operate on embedded systems, which typically have resource constraints in terms of processing power and memory. Examples include real-time operating systems (RTOS) used in automotive, industrial, and consumer applications (Vahid & Givargis, 2017). Due to their efficiency and tailored functionalities, embedded OS are critical in devices such as medical equipment, smart appliances, and various IoT applications.

OS in Information Systems Architecture

Operating systems play a pivotal role in information systems architecture by providing the necessary middleware that connects hardware to applications, particularly in cloud computing environments. In these distributed systems, the OS enables resource sharing and management across different servers, allowing for scalability and reliability (Buyya & Meiko, 2018). As cloud computing becomes more prevalent, understanding how operating systems fit within this architectural framework is increasingly vital.

Windows Vulnerabilities

Windows operating systems face a variety of security vulnerabilities, primarily due to their widespread use and prevalence as a target for cyber intrusions. Common vulnerabilities include exploit paths through outdated software, insecure configurations, and vulnerabilities in specific services (Kaspersky, 2020). Attackers often capitalize on these weaknesses through malware or phishing schemes, making regular updates and security practices essential for users and organizations.

Linux Vulnerabilities

Linux operating systems, while often considered more secure than their Windows counterparts, also exhibit vulnerabilities. These can stem from software bugs, misconfigurations, or improperly managed permissions (Linux Foundation, 2021). Intrusions can occur if users install software from untrusted sources or do not apply security patches in a timely manner.

Mac OS Vulnerabilities

Mac OS has increasingly become a target for cybercriminals, translating into specific vulnerabilities related to its architecture and design. Issues such as legacy software compatibility and third-party applications can create security holes, while the assumption of safety due to lower market share may lead users to neglect security practices (Cohen, 2021).

Mobile Device Vulnerabilities

Mobile devices are susceptible to unique vulnerabilities driven by their architecture, user behaviors, and the proliferation of apps from untrusted sources. Malware, phishing attacks, and insecure app configurations are common threats (GOPIVY), leading to data breaches and privacy violations.

Motives and Methods for Intrusion

Motives for intrusions into operating systems can vary widely from financial gain to geopolitical objectives. Methods employed can range from exploiting software vulnerabilities to social engineering techniques (Yar, 2019). Understanding these motives enables security professionals to develop more effective defenses against potential attacks.

Security Management Technologies

Security management technologies such as Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) are crucial in identifying and mitigating threats to operating systems. IDS monitors systems for suspicious activities, while IPS takes proactive measures to block potential threats (Scarfone & Mell, 2007). These technologies enhance the security posture of organizations by providing layers of defense against intrusions.

Targeted Corporate and Government Systems

Corporate and government systems are attractive targets for cybercriminals due to the vast amounts of sensitive information they manage. Factors such as political motivations, corporate espionage, and financial gain drive attackers to exploit vulnerabilities in these systems (Brayne & Moore, 2014). The consequences of successful intrusions can be devastating, leading to data loss, reputational damage, and significant financial implications.

Types of Intrusions

There are various types of intrusions that can affect operating systems, including SQL injection, PL/SQL injection, and XML injection. These methods exploit vulnerabilities in applications that communicate with databases or web servers (Halfond et al., 2017). When successful, these intrusions can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data and manipulation of resources, necessitating robust security practices.

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the fundamentals of operating systems and their vulnerabilities is essential for maintaining secure information systems. As technology evolves, organizations must remain vigilant against emerging threats, invest in appropriate security technologies, and foster a culture of security awareness among users.

References

  • Brayne, J., & Moore, T. (2014). Cybercrime: A Guide for Corporations. Routledge.

  • Buyya, R., & Meiko, M. (2018). Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms. Wiley.

  • Cohen, M. (2021). The State of Mac OS Security. Journal of Cyber Security Technology, 5(2), 150-167.

  • GOPIVY. (n.d.). Mobile Device Security and Its Vulnerabilities. Retrieved from [URL]

  • Halfond, W. G. J., Viegas, J., & Orso, A. (2017). A Classification of SQL Injection Attacks and Countermeasures. Journal of Database Management, 18(1), 27-43.

  • Kaspersky. (2020). Windows Security: The Common Vulnerabilities. Retrieved from [URL]

  • Linux Foundation. (2021). Linux Vulnerabilities: Understand the Risks. Retrieved from [URL]

  • Scarfone, K., & Mell, P. (2007). Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS). NIST Special Publication 800-94.

  • Silberschatz, A., Galvin, P. B., & Gagne, G. (2018). Operating System Concepts. Wiley.

  • Tanenbaum, A. S., & Austin, T. (2012). Operating Systems: Design and Implementation. Prentice Hall.

  • Stair, R., & Reynolds, G. (2019). Principles of Information Systems. Cengage Learning.

  • Yar, M. (2019). Cybercrime and Society. SAGE Publications.