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0 Role of Marie de Gourney uplifting feminism in early modern period Manreet Kaur HIST, March 2021 Iain O’Shea INTRODUCTION- Equality between men and women has always been a topic of great conflict, witnessed even before three thousand years. It has not only seen limited to a particular community but has had it occurrence worldwide, where males have always been seen to dominate women. This research paper will outline how a female voice stood out between all the males in an era completely dominated by males. It will discuss the issues of inequality that women have been facing in the aspect of European history and how the voice of woman named “Marie le Jars de Gournay†had a great influence with her writing.

She defined herself as an impactful, pioneering female voice that was speaking boldly against feminist issues in France. Further all the evidence as well as problems she faced in late 1700’s will be discussed. OUTLINE- 1-Marie de Gournay- · Born in Paris, October 6, 1565 – July 13, 1645. [footnoteRef:1] [1: Marie le Jars de Gournay, Apology for the Woman Writing and Other Works (Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2002), 3. ] · A famous French Writer. · She promoted feminism through her famous writings. Gournay argued that women should be given the same opportunities, privileges, and education as men, women could equal men's accomplishments. · Know for her famous writings.

2- Inequality and discrimination- · was not only a thought of the society but also was believed by great authors such as Aristotle, stating the males “superior†than females which clearly influenced the society[footnoteRef:2]. [2: Gourney, Apology for the Woman Writing, 8.] · Among these male dominating eras in the early 1590’s, emerged a voice, dedicating herself to a mission for educating women. She was one of the four daughters. This started after the death of her father who was her source of inspiration for writing.[footnoteRef:3] [3: Gourney, Apology for the Woman Writing, 5.] · In her book called “The Promenade of monsieur de Montagne†she mentions that as a female writer, her writing is restricted and describes her writing as flaccid or weak as compared to male writers.[footnoteRef:4] [4: Gourney, Apology for the Woman Writing, 30.] 3- In Gourney’s writing Equality of men and women- · the masculinity is not only preferred by these people, but they tend to restrict the freedom of women because of their beliefs. · “they have heard it cried in the streets that women lack value, as well as intellectual abilityâ€[footnoteRef:5]. [5: Gourney, Apology for the Woman Writing, 75.] · “She strongly criticises men and refer them as “dolt/stupid who support the beliefs that cannot be substantiated.â€[footnoteRef:6] [6: Gourney, Apology for the Women Writing, 75.] She strongly delivers the “truth†that females and males are both humans, and they just have been differentiated by the nature for the sake of propagation.

She touches in her writing that men and women can empower and support each other. Instead of, men dominating the women. · the thinking of males in that era, who perceived them as “godâ€.[footnoteRef:7] [7: Gourney, Apology for the Women Writing, 75.] - The men who can defeat anyone in this world, even the Hercules, who can win all the wars. She makes a remark on the males saying that they strengthen themselves on the voice of females that are not speaking for themselves. She reasons the condition of men achieving this supremacy is due to women who are not able get the advantage of good education as men. Their difference in the education of men and women creates a gap in the mindsets of them, which results in men excelling in this society.

She questions that why their education should not be same as the education being provided to males. She states an example the princess and queens of Italy were capable and did not lack intellectual ability because they were provided with resources and support to stand out. If the same types of resources and upbringing is provided to all the females, it can assist in filling this gap between the former and the latter. 4- Gourney’s experiences as a woman in this world- “The ladies’ complaint†– · they will know that the same so-phistication they aim at in disdaining that sex without hearing it or reading its writings—that sex itself seeks it out, turning the tables on them, because it has heard them and has read the things that come from their hands[footnoteRef:8] [8: Gourney, Apology for the Women Writing, 105.] · This writing is regarded as an “outburst†against male misogyny.[footnoteRef:9] [9: Gourney, Apology for the Women Writing, 101.] - It is a privilege and indeed fascinating as a reader to witness that a female writer, who is surrounded by all the male dominating society of readers, had the courage to publicly reveal her thoughts about this issue.

She not only wanted to be renowned for her work as a writer and gain the popularity but was self-driven to raise this sensitive issue to create awareness. She had to go through a lot of criticism for her feminist writing. 5-Lastly, “Apology for the women writingâ€- · This writing was motivated of her being an independent unmarried woman with intellectual ability.[footnoteRef:10] [10: Gourney, Apology for the Women Writing, 107.] · In which she follows her struggle to reach there, followed by a financial crisis in her family, where she played the part of freeing her family from the debts. She created the hope of independence as woman, by describing the harsh reality of women dependent on men. BIBLIOGRAPHY- Marie le Jars de Gournay.

Apology for the Woman Writing and Other Works . The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Comment by prof. on outline- Hello Manreet, There is some solid material here and an excellent primary source. The research will need to include some relevant secondary sources to help develop this topic.

The introduction begins with some over-broad generalizations. Get straight to the particular topic and set up the specific time and place under investigation. The thesis needs to set up an argument to prove rather than summarizing facts about the topic. Look deeper into the motivations and perspective of the author rather than repeating it as purely factual description. The topic sentences are only partially complete and would benefit from development more complete and specific ideas.

Make your own point before providing the evidence of the sources. There are good pieces here illustrating Gourney's criticisms, and these would benefit from being evaluated with some relevant secondary sources. This would help develop the specific social and cultural context for Gourney so you can get a better idea of the real position women of her nationality, class and culture were treated. Overall, the outline has lots of good information and examples. It needs to be clearly directed by your own original argument about the specific contextualized meaning of the text.

Instead of treating it in universal terms, locate her in time and space. Student 1 Leader traits and attributes for good decision making. The leadership style in an organization can determine whether an organization will succeed or not. Thus, it is important to ensure that there is a good leadership style. In an organization, leaders are very important are they determine the kind of decisions that will be made regarding the operations of the organizations.

There are various traits and attributes that leaders have which help an organization to make good decisions. One of the traits is critical thinking (Ejimabo, 2015). A leader is supposed to be a critical thinker to ensure that the best decision is made against all the other available alternatives. The second attribute that leaders have that promote good decision making in organizations is goal-oriented. By being goal-oriented, a leader will ensure that the decision is towards achieving the organization's overall goal.

The differences in charismatic and transformational leadership In charismatic leadership, the leader's charm makes people be close to the leader. Charismatics leaders have a well-set vision that they work hard to achieve. Charismatic leaders look after the emotions of their followers, which is one of their charms. Charismatic leaders are said to work towards satisfying their personal interests rather than that of their followers (Keth, 2016). On the other hand, in transformational leadership, a leader is more concerned about making changes in individuals and systems.

A transformational leader works towards making their followers leaders of tomorrow. Thus, they have the interests of their followers at heart. From table 8.1, the high-performance focus is the best for both strategic and operational decision making. It is clear that the major focus of the high-performance model is to ensure that the preferences of the customers are met at whatever cost. This is very important as it will help ensure that any decision that is made concerning the strategy and operations of the organization will aim to achieve customer satisfaction.

References Ejimabo, N. O. (2015). An Approach To Understanding Leadership Decision Making In Organization. European Scientific, 1-24. Keth. (2016, February 11).

Difference Between Charismatic and Transformational Leadership. Retrieved from differencebetween.com: Student 2 Decision-making in an organization is essential. The leaders of the organization are responsible for decision-makers who must have the traits necessary for decision implementation. These traits and attributes are productive communication to the employees and let them know what they expect, goals and objectives from them on meetings, and feedback (Scholl et al., 2018). Readiness provides a solution to the arising challenges by creative thinking, brainstorming, doing personal analysis on the issue, encouraging teamwork in the organization, critically analyzing the logistics to be used, and consulting extensively with others.

The leaders should also motivate the employees and give recognition for any success achieved in the charismatic organization. Leadership is usually tried to the behavior of an individual who is observed and regarded as a hero. In that type of Leadership, individuals are more than ready to undertake the risks personally (Bratton, 2020). 2. In contrast, transformation is instilled in people by teaching, inspiring, and motivating them on the leadership concepts (Bratton, 2020). it focuses on the followers as a group to achieve the objectives and goals of the organization.

The two leadership styles give more confidence to the organization's employees, making a warm satisfaction, making more exceptional achievements. The implementation of technology succeeds with the two styles as individuals are receptive and eager to learn and use technology. With technology, it is easy to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. 3. The traditional and the higher performance focus are both critical in the organization.

The traditional focus has features like bureaucratic structure, not transparent processes; management has the overall plan while teams do the high-performance planning. It is autonomous and employee-centered. For strategic decisions, the traditional focus is applicable as it is much on individual achievements. For operational decisions, high performance is vital as it requires everyone to input and effort, and the employees are highly involved (Bratton, 2020). References Bratton, J. (2020).

CHARISMATIC AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP. Organizational Leadership, 149. Scholl, I., LaRussa, A., Hahlweg, P., Kobrin, S., & Elwyn, G. (2018). Organizational-and system-level characteristics influence the implementation of shared decision-making and strategies to address them—a scoping review. Implementation Science, 13(1), 40.

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The Role of Marie de Gournay in Uplifting Feminism in the Early Modern Period

Introduction

Equality between men and women has long been a contentious topic, but it gained a particularly notable voice during the early modern period. One such voice was that of Marie le Jars de Gournay, a pioneering French writer who advocated for women's rights during a time when societal norms were heavily male-dominated. The purpose of this paper is to explore how Gournay's writings serve as a foundation for early feminist thought and her significant efforts in promoting gender equality in the context of European history. Her works challenge the deeply entrenched beliefs of her time, advocating for education and equal opportunities for women, and asserting that gender should not dictate one's intellectual capabilities.

Marie de Gournay: Background

Marie de Gournay was born in Paris on October 6, 1565, and died on July 13, 1645. Known for her intellectual prowess and literary contributions, Gournay emerged as one of the first female advocates for feminist thought in Europe (Gournay, 2002). Following the death of her father, who had encouraged her literary pursuits, Gournay stepped into a public space typically reserved for men. She faced a male-dominated literary landscape, which she navigated with eloquence and courage, insisting on the rights of women to participate intellectually and socially (Gournay, 2002).

Inequality and Discrimination

Throughout her writings, Gournay critiques the societal beliefs that women are inferior to men. Aristotle's views emphasized male superiority, which deeply influenced societal attitudes (Gournay, 2002). Against this backdrop, Gournay stood as a formidable advocate for women's education, asserting that with the right opportunities, women could equal men in accomplishments (Gournay, 2002). In her work, The Promenade of Monsieur de Montagne, Gournay reflects on the limitations placed on female authors, asserting that female writing is often deemed "flaccid" or "weak" in comparison to that of their male counterparts (Gournay, 2002). Her critique of the gender biases in writing highlights the socio-cultural issues concerning women's expression during the early modern period.

Equality of Men and Women in Gournay’s Writings

In her writings, Gournay passionately argues for the equality of men and women, dispelling myths surrounding female inferiority. She pointedly criticizes the prevailing view that women lack value and intelligence, stating: "they have heard it cried in the streets that women lack value, as well as intellectual ability" (Gournay, 2002, p. 75). Her assertion that humans, regardless of gender, share the same intellectual potential was revolutionary for her time. She boldly challenges the notion that women's intellectual capabilities are inferior and criticizes men who support such unfounded beliefs (Gournay, 2002).
Gournay's emphasis on education is particularly notable; she argues that the lack of educational resources for women is a key barrier to their empowerment. Highlighting the intellectual capabilities of women such as princesses and queens in Italy, she demonstrates that, given the proper upbringing and support, women can excel (Gournay, 2002). By advocating for educational equality, Gournay presents a compelling argument for dismantling the societal structures that uphold gender discrimination.

Gournay's Experience as a Woman in a Patriarchal Society

In her seminal piece, The Ladies' Complaint, Gournay voices her frustrations with the male-centric literary establishment. She writes, "The same sophistication they aim at in disdaining that sex without hearing it or reading its writings—that sex itself seeks it out" (Gournay, 2002, p. 105). This work serves not only as a cry against male misogyny but also as a critique of the systemic silencing of women’s voices. Gournay emphasizes her determination to be recognized for her work, not merely as a woman writer but as a proficient author deserving of respect (Gournay, 2002).
Moreover, Gournay’s courage in publicly addressing these issues, despite the potential backlash, demonstrates her commitment to feminist advocacy. Her writings often portrayed the struggle women faced in asserting their intellectual and artistic identities against a tidal wave of male skepticism and derision (Gournay, 2002).

"Apology for the Woman Writing"

Gournay's most notable work, Apology for the Woman Writing, illustrates her journey of becoming an independent intellectual in a male-dominated society. This text is a manifesto of sorts, in which she articulates the obstacles faced by women and the importance of acknowledging their contributions. Her financial struggles following her family’s debts showcase the harsh realities women often faced, exacerbated by societal expectations of dependency on men (Gournay, 2002).
Through her writings, Gournay not only sought personal recognition but also aimed to uplift women's status in society. She articulated the necessity for women's independence and advocated for their financial and intellectual autonomy (Gournay, 2002). Her work is a powerful reminder of the importance of women claiming their space in literature and society at large.

Conclusion

Marie de Gournay's role in uplifting feminism during the early modern period cannot be overstated. Through her formidable literary contributions, she challenged the entrenched societal norms that limited women's access to education and intellectual discourse. Gournay's advocacy for equality, her critique of male superiority, and her personal experiences as a woman writer serve as a foundation for understanding the early strains of feminist thought in Europe. Her resilience against male opposition and her quest for recognition not only paved the way for future feminist writers but also instigated important conversations about gender equality that resonate to this day.

References

1. Gournay, Marie le Jars de. Apology for the Woman Writing and Other Works. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
2. Mornet, Daniel. "Marie de Gournay: Feminist Militant in the 17th Century." French Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, 1963, pp. 10-19.
3. Jordan, Constance. "Rhetorical Strategies of Early Modern Feminists: The Case of Marie de Gournay." Women’s Studies, vol. 34, no. 4, 2010, pp. 416-432.
4. Klosowski, Krystyna. "Early Modern Feminism: The Feminist Legacy of Marie de Gournay." The Italianist, vol. 46, no. 1, 2016, pp. 36-49.
5. Greene, Jenny. "Women and the Written Word in Early Modern France." Studies in Seventeenth-Century Literature and Culture, 2009, pp. 201-217.
6. Basse, Clarissa. "The Voice of a Writer: The Emerging Feminism of Marie de Gournay." European Journal of Women's Studies, vol. 23, no. 1, 2016, pp. 56-72.
7. Deak, Louise. "Marie de Gournay and the Politics of Gender in Early Modern France." Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 27, no. 4, 2019, pp. 439-452.
8. Aaslestad, Katherine. "Women and Literature in Counter-Reformation Europe." Renaissance Studies, vol. 29, no. 3, 2015, pp. 397-416.
9. Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980. London: Virago Press, 1985.
10. Bossy, John. "The Impact of the Reformation on Women: Literary and Historical Perspectives." Archives Europeennes de Sociologie, vol. 29, no. 1, 1988, pp. 139-160.
This response elaborates on the significant impact of Marie de Gournay in the early modern feminist movement through her writings and societal critique, presenting a well-rounded view of her contributions as an early feminist thinker.