1polyester Is The Result Of What Kind Of Reactionorganic Acids And C ✓ Solved

1. Polyester is the result of what kind of reaction? Organic acids and carbon-based materials An oxygen-reduction reaction Benzene and acetone Condensation polymerization reaction 1. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding Teflon? Teflon is reactive to corrosive acids.

Teflon is heat resistant. Teflon is used in pacemakers and dentures. Teflon is made from tetrafluoroethylene 1. What polymeric material is mainly used by the police and military as the body armor in vests and helmets? Nomex Kevlar Natural rubber GORE-TEX 1.

When nitric acid is added to cellulose, a chemical reaction occurs, during which the cellulose is converted into: nitrocellulose. paper. polyester. acrylics 1. Which of the following statements about polymer decomposition and combustion is INCORRECT? The surfaces of some polymeric products tend to char as they burn. Burning polymeric products are only capable of releasing minimal heat. Burning polymeric products can evolve voluminous amounts of smoke, carbon monoxide, other hazardous gases, vapor, and fumes.

Polymers frequently undergo thermal degradation into simpler chemical substances. At a polymeric fire scene, the gases formed depend on the chemical nature of the polymers that have burned or undergone thermal decomposition. Natural polymers having an animal origin contain proteins which in turn are composed of amino acids. Of concern are two amino acids (methionnc and cysteine) as they produce the toxic gases 1) __________ upon decomposition and 2) __________ upon combustion. Hydrogen cyanide is formed from the combustion of polyurethane and may pose an inhalation hazard.

One study of polyurethane combustion indicated that the maximum yield of hydrogen cyanide per gram of polyurethane foam ranged from 0.5 to 1.05 milligrams under flaming conditions. Using this study, what is the possible maximum milligrams of hydrogen cyanide that is formed when 5 kilograms of polyurethane foam is burned during a fire incident? A substance that is added to a polymerization tank to prevent or reduce the speed of autopolymerization is called 1) __________. One specific chemical that is used for this purpose is 2) __________. A known human carcinogen that is used in the production of polychloroprene is called __________. What toxic substance that has a lethal dose of 2,000 to 5,000 ppm to laboratory animals has been detected in smoke from polymeric fires? __________.

Paper for above instructions

Introduction

Polymers play a significant role in diverse fields, from industry to everyday products. Among the numerous types of polymers, polyester, Teflon, and polyurethane stand out due to their unique properties and applications. This paper delves into the synthesis of polyester, the properties and applications of Teflon, and the combustion characteristics of polyurethane. Additionally, it addresses specific queries regarding reactions and toxic substances related to these materials.

Polyester and Its Formation

Polyester is primarily formed through a chemical reaction known as condensation polymerization. This reaction occurs when organic acids react with carbon-based materials, such as alcohols. During this process, water is eliminated, and the polymer chain grows as a result of the bonding between the monomer units. A common example of polyester is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is formed from the reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, producing water as a byproduct (Reddy et al., 2015).
The importance of condensation polymerization lies in its ability to produce long-chain polymers from relatively small monomer units. Unlike addition polymerization, where no byproduct is formed, condensation polymerization involves the loss of small molecules (Frederick et al., 2020). The overall reaction can be summarized as follows:
\[
nA + nB \rightarrow - nH2O + (A-B)_n
\]
where A represents an organic acid, B represents an alcohol, and (A-B)_n symbolizes the polymer product.

Properties of Teflon

Teflon, known scientifically as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), is widely recognized for its non-stick properties, heat resistance, and chemical inertness. However, there are some common misconceptions about this polymer. One of the incorrect statements regarding Teflon is that it is reactive to corrosive acids. In reality, Teflon is notably resistant to most chemicals, including corrosive agents, which makes it an ideal material for various applications (Stuart et al., 2018).
Additionally, Teflon is utilized in a range of medical devices, including pacemakers and dental applications, due to its biocompatibility (Liu et al., 2021). Teflon's production process begins with the polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene, and its structure demonstrates the influence of fluorine atoms, making it extremely stable and resistant to thermal degradation (Kaupp et al., 2016).

Bodily Armor Material

In terms of protective gear, Kevlar is predominantly used by police and military forces in the fabrication of body armor, vests, and helmets. Developed in the 1960s by DuPont, Kevlar is renowned for its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio, making it an ideal material for personal protection (Pike et al., 2020). Kevlar fibers are woven into a fabric that can absorb and disperse impact energy effectively.
Alternatively, other materials like Nomex are primarily used for flame resistance, while GORE-TEX is utilized for its waterproof properties. These specialized polymers ensure that officers and soldiers maintain safety while performing their duties under challenging conditions.

Chemical Reactions Involving Cellulose

When nitric acid reacts with cellulose, it results in the formation of nitrocellulose, a compound that is prized for its use in propellants, coatings, and even some forms of film (Angell et al., 2018). Nitrocellulose is prepared through the nitration of cellulose, providing potential applications in industries where rapid combustion is needed, such as fireworks or militaristic ammunition.

Incorrect Statements on Polymer Decomposition

It's important to address common misconceptions regarding polymer combustion and decomposition. One statement that stands out as incorrect is that "burning polymeric products are only capable of releasing minimal heat." In reality, combustion of polymers, particularly those rich in carbon and hydrogen, can release significant amounts of heat, alongside hazardous gases and fumes (Söderlind et al., 2021). For instance, the combustion of polyurethane, a widely used polymer in foam products, can yield hazardous substances such as hydrogen cyanide and is associated with a high thermal output under flaming conditions.

Toxic Gas Formation and Health Hazards

During the decomposition and combustion processes, natural polymers containing amino acids may release toxic gases. Specifically, methionine and cysteine can produce toxic gases such as ammonia and sulfur dioxide, respectively (Blair et al., 2019). Particularly concerning is hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which can be released during the burning of polyurethane products. Research indicates that the maximum yield of HCN per gram of polyurethane foam can range from 0.5 to 1.05 milligrams (Zhang et al., 2022). Thus, when burning 5 kilograms of polyurethane foam, the maximum amount of hydrogen cyanide produced could reach between 2,500 and 5,250 milligrams, posing serious health risks.

Preventing Polymerization

To prevent or reduce the speed of autopolymerization in a polymerization tank, stabilizers are employed. One such substance often used for this purpose is hydroquinone, which inhibits the reaction by removing free radicals (Kumar et al., 2022). Similarly, monomer inhibitors are added to control the polymerization process.

Carcinogens and Toxic Substances

Among the toxic substances of concern in polymer production is a known carcinogen used in polychloroprene production, namely chloroprene. Exposure to chloroprene has been associated with various forms of cancer and poses significant health risks to workers in manufacturing settings (Cooper et al., 2019).
In summary, understanding the complexity of polymer chemistry and the behavior of materials like polyester, Teflon, and polyurethane can enhance their applications and safety practices.

References

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