1top Of Formprepare A Concept Map For A Musculoskeletal Disorder From ✓ Solved

1. Top of Form Prepare a concept map for a musculoskeletal disorder from your readings. Use the included template to outline the system disorder including the pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment. Template Use at least one scholarly source to support your findings. Examples of scholarly sources include academic journals, textbooks, reference texts, and CINAHL nursing guides.

Be sure to cite your sources in-text and on a References page using APA format. You can find useful reference materials for this assignment in the School of Nursing guide: Have questions about APA? Visit the online APA guide: Module 03 Assignment Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form 2 JOURNAL ESSAY Student’s Name: Institution Affiliations: Professor’s Name: Date: Journal on marketing analyst at food seasoning company in Nigeria Spices are commodity crops of high value that occur on the Nigerian flora. Spices have a lot of importance but in Nigeria, it has been neglected as these spices are cultivated just like other food crops. In this journal, an evaluation of spices' economic potential and how best the constraints affecting the food seasoning industry can be dealt with.

A marketing analyst helps in this study because he directly talks with both the company and the customers. These studies were conducted by the marketing analyst on three states in Nigeria covering the northern, southern, and eastern parts of Nigeria. Close to 100 marketers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. Gross margin analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected data. The analysis showed that 60 percent of the marketers were females and 65 percent of these females were in the age bracket of 31-40 years.

Further analysis that marketing spices in the Nigerian agro-ecological zones were profitable. Ginger and mandora were some of the sampled spices and their marketing efficiency was in ascending order. The major constraint to the marketing of spices in Nigeria was the high cost of transportation. For these reasons, marketing analysts propose an increased production and marketing of the economic awareness and heralding of the nutritional value of this species. Key Words : spices marketing, marketing constraints, market margin, agro-ecological, garlic.

Introduction According to Manandhar, 1995, Condiments, spices are plant products that help for seasoning, enhancing, and flavoring drugs, beverages, and foods. Spices can be used as preservatives, perfumes, medicines, and dyes for coloring and even in sacred rituals. Since the year 1998, the total volume of spices has been increasing. Going forward, the metric tones for the spices have been rising every year. In the year 2000 for example, India produced 2.4 tons compared to 2.1 and 2.2 tons that were produced in 1998 and 1999 respectively.

In Nigeria, spices production was at 378, 000 tons on average in 2008 and 147,000 tonnes in 2000. This is according to the FAO statistics of 2008. Most of the plants that are used in the production of spices are wildly collected. This puts these plants at a higher risk of being extinct as they are not grown like any other plants in Nigeria. Most of the spices like Monodora Myristica and piper guineense are mostly produced in the forest zone of southern Nigeria where the plants are reserved for purposes of spice production.

The world's largest traded spice, black pepper has restricted backyard gardens having only scanty plantations. As a market analyst, this plant needs to be planted in plenty to meet the market needs. Garlic and ginger are spicing that act as food buffers which largely creates a lot of income for farmers growing it as the spices are famous on the market. The major challenge facing the spice industry is that there is no appropriate technology pursued to sustain the production of spices and the marketing system also is not yet developed to determine and predict spice production on the world market. According to Meller, 1992, the marketing system of the spice industry is greatly neglected.

The marketing condition changed because of the spice industry being neglected. This is according to Make and Njogu, 1996. If greatly paid attention to, the spice industry has a great potential of positively impacting the economic status of the farmers. From research, marketing analysts argue that spices are high-value commodities that can impact the economic status of the farmers, however, no economic analysis in Nigeria has been documented in Nigeria to guide farmers on the same. In this journal, spice marketing in Nigeria was determined together with the attributes of the farmers.

The profitability and possible constraints were also determining associated with the marketing spices in Nigeria. Materials and Methods Data collection was through a two-stage sampling technique. Nine markets were selected from the three zones of Nigeria. Kano, Imo, and Oyo were the three markets that were selected in the three ecological zones. 108 respondents were gathered from 12 spice marketers.

However, only 106 questionnaires were analyzed. The factors that were gathered in these questionnaires included marketing factors, socioeconomic characteristics, and the challenges that were faced by the marketers. Marketing margin analysis and descriptive statistics were used in analyzing data. The formulas are according to Isitory and Olukosi, 1990. MM=TR-TMC…...............................… (i) ME=TR/TMC…………....................... (ii) TR = is total revenue, TMC is total marketing cost, MM is marketing margin and ME is the marketing efficiency.

Results and Discussion The marketing of spices is dominated by females. In all the Oyo and Imo states, female marketers dominated. In Kano state, 100 % of males dominated. This however can be attributed to religious matters. Most of the respondents were also still young and energetic in the age bracket of 31-50 years.

More married people are engaged in the marketing of spices as they have many commitments at home compared to singles. Most of the marketers again had secondary school education depicting a level of literacy in the industry. Analysis of spices marketing in Nigeria Marketing Margin and Efficiency Analysis In the study area, 5784 was the average net margin. Garlic had the highest marketing efficiency in the Imo state and lowest in the Oyo state. Nonetheless, the normal advertising edge and normal showcasing productivity of the three states were N 5123 and 1.47, individually.

Garlic had the most noteworthy normal advertising productivity (1.67) which infers that for each N 1 spent in buying garlic in the three states tested, the advertiser will accumulate 67k as gets back to his/her venture. Moreover, the huge distinction between the most minimal market edge (N 645) and the most noteworthy market edge (N 3496) among the three states may be expected to the distinctions in the financial conditions between the business sectors. Be that as it may, the high advertising productivity could be deciphered to mean an effective advertising framework; as per Olukosi and Isitor (1990), market effectiveness is an element of both evaluating and operational proficiency. This outcome could, hence, be deciphered as importance high estimating effectiveness in flavors showcasing in the study region.

Conclusion In this study, more females than males are involved in the marketing of food seasoning in Nigeria. More marketers also had literacy levels of secondary school education and above. Marketing was both profitable to the farmers and consumers of the seasoned food. Social amenities like roads however have to be alleviated to help marketers have an easy time reaching the clients and to the factory. Finally, awareness needs to be done concerning the nutritional values of the seasoned food.

References Manandhar, N. P. (1995). Substitute spice in Nepal. J. Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 3: 71-77.

Njoku J. E. and Nweke, F. I. (1996). Plantain Marketing in South-Eastern Nigeria. Paper Presented at Third Conference of IARPB, Abidjan Cote d’ivore Olukosi, J.

O. and Isitor, S. V. (1990). Introduction to Agricultural Market and Price: Principles and Applications. Agitab Publishers, Zaria. Title of Assignment: Module 3: Musculoskeletal disorders Purpose of Assignment: The purpose of this assignment is to identify and analyze a musculoskeletal system disorder to process the possible manifestations of a selected disorder.

The concept map will help you identify the pathophysiology of the musculoskeletal system disorder. Course Competency(s): 0. Evaluate pathophysiologic alterations that affect the integumentary and musculoskeletal systems. Instructions: Content: Prepare a concept map for a musculoskeletal disorder from your readings. Use the included template to outline the system disorder including the pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment.

Format: 0. Use at least one scholarly source to support your findings. Examples of scholarly sources include academic journals, textbooks, reference texts, and CINAHL nursing guides. 0. Be sure to cite your sources in-text and on a references page using APA format.

Resources: You can find useful reference materials for this assignment in the School of Nursing guide: Have questions about APA? Visit the online APA guide:

Paper for above instructions

Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, predominantly affecting the articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovial membrane. It is characterized by progressive cartilage degradation, leading to pain and loss of function in affected joints (Fitzgerald et al., 2018).

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of OA involves multiple processes:
1. Cartilage Degeneration: The cartilage becomes thinner and rough over time, leading to a reduction in its ability to absorb shock (Cohen et al., 2020).
2. Subchondral Bone Changes: Alterations in the underlying bone occur, including sclerosis (thickening) and microfractures, which contribute to joint pain (Loeser, 2017).
3. Synovial Inflammation: Although OA is not traditionally considered an inflammatory arthritis, synovitis can occur, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators that exacerbate joint destruction (Coulter et al., 2019).
4. Joint Space Narrowing: Loss of cartilage leads to reduced joint space, which can easily be observed in radiographic imaging (Berenbaum, 2013).
5. Bone Spurs: Osteophytes (bone spurs) can form around the joint margins and contribute to pain and limited mobility (Hunter & Felson, 2006).

Etiology

1. Age: The risk of developing OA increases with age, likely due to cumulative mechanical stress on joints over time (Hawker, 2019).
2. Genetics: Genetic predisposition plays a crucial role; familial clustering suggests that specific genes may influence cartilage integrity and joint function (Loughlin, 2015).
3. Obesity: Excess body weight increases mechanical stress on weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees, accelerating the degenerative process (Felson, 2018).
4. Previous Injury: Joint injuries, such as fractures or ligament tears, often serve as precursors to OA due to changes in joint mechanics (Griffin et al., 2013).
5. Repetitive Joint Use: Occupational factors involving repetitive stress or overuse can increase the likelihood of developing OA (Stefanik et al., 2016).

Clinical Manifestations

1. Pain: Patients typically experience chronic joint pain that worsens with activity and improves with rest (Tishler et al., 2018).
2. Stiffness: Morning stiffness lasting less than 30 minutes and after periods of inactivity (Cohen et al., 2020).
3. Swelling: The affected joints may appear swollen due to synovial swelling or effusion (Berenbaum, 2013).
4. Reduced Range of Motion: Decreased flexibility and range of motion in affected joints (Hunter & Felson, 2006).
5. Crepitus: Patients may hear or feel a grating sensation during joint movement (Felson et al., 2018).

Treatment

1. Pharmacological Treatment:
- Analgesics: Acetaminophen to relieve pain (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], 2014).
- Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Ibuprofen or naproxen to reduce pain and inflammation (Berenbaum, 2013).
- Topical Agents: Topical NSAIDs or capsaicin can provide localized pain relief (NICE, 2014).
- Intra-Articular Injections: Corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid may be injected into the affected joint to alleviate symptoms (Coulter et al., 2019).
2. Physical Therapy: Tailored exercises to strengthen muscles around the joint, improve flexibility, and reduce joint strain (Loeser, 2017).
3. Weight Management: For obese patients, weight loss is essential to reduce stress on joints (Felson, 2018).
4. Surgical Interventions:
- Arthroscopy: Of minimally invasive procedures to remove loose cartilage fragments (Hunter & Felson, 2006).
- Total Joint Replacement: In severe cases, total hip or knee replacement surgery may be indicated (Hawker, 2019).
5. Alternative Therapies: Acupuncture, glucosamine, chondroitin, and dietary supplements may offer symptomatic relief though clinical evidence varies (Cohen et al., 2020).

Conclusion

Osteoarthritis is a multifactorial disorder that significantly impacts the quality of life of those affected. An understanding of its pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment options can aid healthcare professionals in providing optimal care for those suffering from this condition. Continued research is essential to develop more effective and targeted therapies for osteoarthritis.

References

1. Berenbaum, F. (2013). Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 31(1), 2-4.
2. Cohen, S. B., et al. (2020). New insights into the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 16(10), 584-598.
3. Coulter, J., et al. (2019). Pharmacological management of osteoarthritis: clinical practice guideline. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(2), 61-69.
4. Felson, D. T. (2018). Obesity and osteoarthritis. The Medical Clinics of North America, 102(1), 108-118.
5. Fitzgerald, G. K., et al. (2018). Exercise and knee osteoarthritis: what do we know? The Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 48(2), 139-144.
6. Griffin, T. M., et al. (2013). The role of injury in the development of knee osteoarthritis. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 44(1), 1-12.
7. Hawker, G. A. (2019). Osteoarthritis: prevalence and risk factors. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 35(4), 519-528.
8. Hunter, D. J., & Felson, D. T. (2006). Osteoarthritis. BMJ, 332(7542), 639-642.
9. Loeser, R. F. (2017). Aging and osteoarthritis: a new look at an old disease. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 29(1), 1-7.
10. Loughlin, J. (2015). The genetic contribution to the common forms of osteoarthritis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(1), 23-28.