Abstract Review 1 Quantitativebystudent Name Bs Ms Maseptemb ✓ Solved

ABSTRACT REVIEW #1: QUANTITATIVE By Student Name, B.S, M.S., M.A. September 2014 University of the Cumberlands Statistics Abstract Review #1 Statistics Abstract Review #1 i 3 Introduction and Background Ethics is the cornerstone of the counseling profession and client counselor relationship. However the code of ethics does not always clearly articulate what a counselor should do in many scenarios. Thereby it often creates uncertainty amongst the profession. In addition, the code of ethics undergoes changes on a regular basis.

Neukrug and Milliken (2011) identify two purposes for their study. First, to assess which ethical situations/behaviors are “most distressing and confusing and also to help guide the revision of future ethical codes†(Neukrug & Milliken, 2011, p. 206). Second, to identify changes in ethics education based upon various demographics. They hope that this research aids in reducing ethical violations and increasing relevant ethics education.

Methodology Neukrug and Milliken (2011) utilized a 77-item survey in which respondents rated situations as ethical or unethical (Scale 1) and how strongly they aligned with the response (1 = not very strongly to 10 very strongly; Scale 2; p. 207). By scoring ethical on a positive scale (+1 through +10) and unethical on a negative scale (-1 through -10), they were able to examine Scale 1 with nominal data, and strength of response with Scale 2. Another instrument was utilized to gather demographic information of the participants and included: gender, age, ethnicity, highest degree held, specialty area, current job/role, American Counseling Association (ACA) membership, and involvement in ethics education (Neukrug & Milliken, 2011).

ACA approved the study and provided researchers with a random sample of 2,000 ACA members’ email addresses. The email to the participants included “an explanation of the survey, an informed consent, and the surveys’ URL†(p. 207). They were attempting to answer what areas of the ethical code are unclear and create the most confusion and whether different demographics correlated with different perceptions of ethical and unethical behaviors. They grouped the ethics categories into six categories and performed chi-square tests on Scale 1 and set the significance level at p < .001 to control for a Type I error.

Study Findings and Results Although Neukrug and Milliken (2011) “found significant differences as a function of demographics on a number of items†(p. 210), practical significance was not evident. The most prominent finding of this study were related to the identified areas of disagreement among respondents related to what is considered unethical. This information can help to inform future ethics training and ethical code revisions. Conclusions The finding of Neukrug and Milliken’s research provided insight into main areas of ambiguity regarding what is viewed as unethical behavior.

Considering that ethics is the foundation of professional practice and integral to the counseling relationship, insight into areas which are most confusing could serve to better educate current and future counselors. Although not significant, it is helpful to know that demographics did not impact the interpretation of ethical practices on a practical level. The methods used seemed plausible, but the findings were not clearly presented and took effort to locate and interpret. References Neukrug, E. S., & Milliken, T. (2011).

Counselors’ perceptions of ethical behaviors. Journal of Counseling & Development , 89 (2), 206–216. CASE STUDY WEIGHT 50% LENGTH/DURATION: 2500 WORDS DUE: 2ND OCT, 2019 Task Develop a case study showcasing international tourism at your MKT01906 destination. You selected the location prior to Week 3 . The assignment will develop critical thinking, analysis and literacy skills to synthesise information related to theories studied in this unit.

Instructions Identify key issues for the destination from international tourism and contrast them with ideas discussed in at least eight (8) recent and relevant academic sources. Assessment 2 (Annotated Bibliography) will assist with literature required. Draw on other sources to support. Follow the structure and criteria below. Case study structure 1.

Introduce the destination and outline main themes to be discussed in the case study (100 words) 2. Provide an overview of the historical development of tourism for your selected destination (350 words) 3. Provide an analysis of international tourism visitation to your destination. Use relevant statistics to support your answer (250 words) 4. Explain what makes the destination attractive to tourists.

Link to theories introduced in the unit (e.g. the tourism system (Leiper, 1994, 2003), motivation, satisfaction and attraction theories) (300 words) 5. Identify and critically analyse the impacts from tourism activity on the host community at the destination (400 words) 6. Identify and critically explain two key destination development issues which are currently occuring at the destination (500 words) 7. Identify and criticallyexplain one tourism policy issue for the destination (500 words) 8. Conclude the case study with a summary of key outcomes (100 words).

At the end of the case study add a list of all references you have cited (the reference list is not included in the word count). Marking criteria Case study discussion · Logical discussion and argument (4 marks) · Clarity of expression (4 marks) Case study analysis · Introduction (2 marks) · Historical over view of tourism development (4 marks) · International tourism visitation (4 marks) · Destination attractiveness (5 marks) · Host community impacts of tourism (8 marks) · Destination development issue analysis (8 marks) · Toursm policy issue analysis (8 marks) · Conclusion (2 marks) Referencing · Correct referencing within body of report (2 marks) · Correct referencing style for reference list (2 marks) Total (50 marks) ABSTRACT REVIEW #2: Qualitative By STUDENT, B.S, M.S., M.A.

September 2014 University of the Cumberlands Statistics Abstract Review #2 Statistics Abstract Review #2 i 1 Introduction/Background De Stefano, Atkins, Noble, & Heath, (2012) conducted a qualitative study to examine the experiences of counselors-in-training (CIT) who worked with clients that engaged in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in order to understand how counseling interns “react to and resolve the challenges presented†(p. 289) by complex clients. NSSI in clients poses potential ethical and legal concerns which may be amplified when the clinician is a CIT. De Stefano et al. highlight that NSSI may increase unexpected and unwanted reactions in the CIT which may negatively impact the therapeutic relationship.

Additionally, since CIT are being supervised, understanding how the CIT’s work is impacted by the supervisory process may be beneficial. Methodology De Stefano et al. (2012) identify that the study was oriented toward discovery and exploration and intended to gain insight into: “(1) How do trainees describe and understand their experiences of working with these challenging clients? and (2) What can these experiences tell us about their evolving clinical development and learning?†(p. 291). They identified and tracked potential research biases as (1) CIT would experience emotional reactivity from working with NSSI clients, (2) these experiences would lead to substantial learning professionally and personally, and (3) provide insight into the supervisory process.

The 12 participants were a sample of convenience in the second-year of their MA program in counseling psychology. The criterion required for participation was that the CIT had counseled with one or more clients within the past 9 months who had engaged in some form of NSSI. The participants were all female and of Anglo-European background, ranging in age from 23 to 37 years. They were recruited from the entire MA cohort during a class session in which the researcher was not the course instructor. The intent of the study was explained and those meeting the criterion were invited to participate.

Data was gathered through 45 to 60 minute, semi-structured interviews utilizing questions about the CIT “reactions, thoughts, and feelings when working with these clients†(De Stefano et al., 2013, p. 292). The sessions were recorded and transcribed and then analyzed using consensual qualitative research (CQR; Hill et al., 2005; Hill, Thompson, & Nutt-Williams, 1997; as cited in De Stefano et al., 2013); CQR uses a constant comparison method with a team of researchers, in order to reach a consensus on domains, open codes, and cross-case analysis. Study Findings and Limitations The study identified three general themes: (1) CIT formulate a basic model of NSSI even though they lack previous experience and knowledge; (2) NSSI clients are challenging on many levels for CIT; and (3) working with NSSI offers new but incomplete learning.

Additionally, the investigation highlighted that the supervisory process had mixed benefits and was disappointing for many of the CIT (De Stefano et al., 2013). Limitations of the study include the reality that the findings are suggestive and it is not generalizable to all CIT. Furthermore, interviewing participants several times and with access to client notes may have enhanced and strengthened recall. Finally, the study did not address diversity which De Stefano et al., highlight may have impacted the CIT experiences. Conclusions This study is significant in that despite the exploratory aspect of this investigation, it reveals that when CIT openly acknowledge feelings of incompetency “it was accompanied by vigilance and a self-observational quality typical of self-monitoring and reflexivity that are hallmarks of good practice†(De Stefano et al., 2013, p.

303). While not part of the intent of the study, it is worthwhile insight. The article could have been enhanced by using bar graphs or tables to present the findings and this would have highlighted the identified themes more clearly. Considering the ethical dilemma faced by CIT who work with NSSI clients, this study provides foundational insight which can inform future research. References De Stefano, J., Atkins, S., Noble, R.

N., & Heath, N. (2012). Am I competent enough to be doing this?: A qualitative study of trainees’ experiences working with clients who self-injure. Counselling Psychology Quarterly , 25 (3), 289–305. doi:10.1080/.2012.698981

Paper for above instructions

Introduction

Bali, Indonesia, is renowned as a top-tier tourist destination, captivating millions of international visitors annually due to its lush landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and vibrant nightlife. This case study aims to explore the intricate dynamics of international tourism in Bali, including its historical development, visitation statistics, attractiveness, impacts on the local community, current development challenges, and pertinent policy issues. By critically analyzing these aspects through relevant academic lenses, this case study will highlight the multifaceted implications of tourism on Bali.

Historical Development of Tourism in Bali

The evolution of tourism in Bali is a rich tapestry dating back to the early 20th century when the island began to capture Western interest following the European colonial era. The 1930s marked the inception of modern tourism in Bali, with the introduction of commercial air travel opening avenues for international visitors (Prabha, 2017). The cultural allure of Bali, encapsulated in its art, dance, and religious ceremonies, attracted early travelers who sought an exotic experience away from the industrialized West.
As World War II disrupted global travel, the tourism industry faced stagnation; however, recovering rapidly post-war, Bali embarked on a new trajectory of growth in the 1960s. The Balinese government began promoting the island as a tourist destination, leading to significant developments in infrastructure, including hotels, restaurants, and transportation services (Hall, 2007). The launch of the "Visit Indonesia Year" campaign in 1983 further stimulated tourism, and the island transitioned into a global tourism hub by the 1990s. By the early 21st century, Bali had become a prime destination for eco-tourism and cultural tourism, drawing millions of visitors eager to explore its unique landscape and traditions (Swarbrooke, 1999).
Despite the challenges posed by natural disasters and global economic fluctuations, such as the 2002 Bali bombings and the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism sector in Bali has demonstrated resilience and adaptability (Suharti, 2020). The historical overview illustrates that Bali's identity as a tourist destination is deeply entwined with its cultural and natural resources, supported by ongoing government initiatives aimed at sustainability and responsible tourism (Goodwin, 2017).

Analysis of International Tourism Visitation to Bali

Bali welcomed approximately 6.3 million international tourists in 2019, symbolizing a historic peak in tourist visitation (Bali Central Bureau of Statistics, 2020). The primary source markets for international visitors included Australia, China, and India. The notable influx is attributed to Bali's extensive marketing efforts, reliance on social media, and growing interest in wellness and organic tourism (Bali Tourism Board, 2018). However, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted these numbers significantly in 2020, causing international tourist arrivals to plummet by over 90% (World Bank, 2021).
Statistics illustrate the abrupt declines and gradual recovery patterns of international tourism in Bali. Post-pandemic projections indicate potential recovery given Bali's emphasis on health and safety protocols combined with reopening borders (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2021). The tourism sector's economic impact continued to be significant, contributing 62.8% to Bali's GDP, as reported in recent studies (International Monetary Fund, 2020). This illustrates the importance of sustainable growth and recovery strategies that could better insulate the destination from future disruptions.

Destination Attractiveness

Bali's inherent appeal lies in its diverse offerings that attract a broad spectrum of tourists. Factors contributing to its attractiveness can be linked to motivation and satisfaction theories—specifically Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the Travel Motivations model (Crompton, 1979; Pearce, 1988). Factors such as natural beauty, cultural uniqueness, adventure experiences, and relaxation opportunities align closely with tourists' motivations for travel.
Bali's scenic rice terraces, volcanic mountains, and pristine beaches are significant pull factors for nature-oriented travelers seeking ecotourism experiences (Leiper, 1994). Besides, the rich cultural tapestry offered through local ceremonies, art forms, and community engagement enhances satisfaction levels among tourists seeking deeper cultural connections. Furthermore, ongoing investment in tourism facilities fosters a satisfying visitor experience, as evidenced by the continued popularity of wellness retreats and adventure sports, which cater to diverse motivational factors (Fletcher, 2005).

Impacts from Tourism Activity on the Host Community

Tourism has multifaceted impacts on Bali's local community, encompassing economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Economically, tourism has facilitated improved living standards and job creation for many Balinese residents. The sector supports around 1.4 million jobs directly and indirectly, making it an essential lifeline for many families (Bali Central Bureau of Statistics, 2020).
However, these benefits are accompanied by significant challenges; rising property prices driven by tourism have led to increased living costs, making it difficult for locals to afford housing (UNESCO, 2019). Socially, the influx of tourists has resulted in cultural commodification, where traditional practices are adapted or commercialized to cater to tourist expectations (Brohman, 1996). Many villagers express concerns over the dilution of their cultural heritage due to the over-commercialization of experiences.
Environmentally, tourism in Bali poses grave challenges, including waste management issues and ecological degradation (Cahyani, 2022). The increase in plastic waste and water resource depletion from hotels and villas has led to disastrous implications for local ecosystems and wildlife conservation. This duality of impacts signifies a pressing need for balanced tourism practices that incorporate sustainable development principles to benefit both the economy and the local community while preserving cultural and ecological integrity.

Key Destination Development Issues

Two principal issues currently afflicting Bali’s tourism development are infrastructural strain and environmental sustainability. The rapid influx of tourists has outstripped the capability of existing infrastructure, leading to increased congestion, inadequate waste management systems, and strained water resources (Suharti, 2020). Moreover, there are calls for significant investment in public transport and waste management technologies to alleviate the pressures caused by heavy tourism traffic and promote sustainable practices.
The second major issue revolves around environmental sustainability amid increasing concerns about climate change. Bali's natural environment, which supposes its main attractiveness, faces threats from rising sea levels, deforestation, and pollution. Initiatives promoting eco-friendly practices, such as reducing single-use plastics and promoting awareness campaigns, are vital to addressing these challenges (Kaur, 2021).

Tourism Policy Issues

One of the most pressing tourism policy issues for Bali is the balance between economic gain from tourism and the preservation of cultural and environmental resources. While tourism is a crucial source of revenue, an increase in visitor numbers without proper regulation and management leads to significant risks of cultural erosion and environmental degradation (Timothy & Teye, 2009).
Bali's government has initiated several policies aimed at promoting sustainable tourism, including the implementation of the "Tri Hita Karana" philosophy, which emphasizes harmony among people, nature, and the spiritual realm (Purnama, 2017). Additionally, the government has been working to regulate accommodation and tourism services to ensure they conform to sustainable practices while minimizing the ecological footprint of tourism. However, ongoing enforcement and community engagement play a significant role in realizing these policy objectives. Enhanced collaboration across stakeholders—government, community, and private sector—will be pivotal in establishing an actionable framework for sustainable tourism and balancing economic, cultural, and environmental priorities.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Bali remains a globally significant example of international tourism, characterized by its historical evolution, overwhelming visitor numbers, diverse attractions, and the dual impacts of tourism on the local community. While opportunities abound, challenges related to infrastructure, sustainability, and policy enforcement underline the complexities of managing tourism effectively. Addressing these concerns will require innovative approaches, stakeholder collaboration, and a commitment to preserving Bali's unique cultural and natural attributes for future generations.

References

1. Bali Central Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Tourism Statistics 2019.
2. Bali Tourism Board. (2018). Annual Report on Visitor Statistics.
3. Brohman, J. (1996). Tourism and Development in the Third World.
4. Cahyani, D. (2022). Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Bali: A Review of Literature. Environmental Research Journal, 45(2), 164-178.
5. Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivation for pleasure travel. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 408–424.
6. Fletcher, R. (2005). Tourism and the Role of Ecotourism in Sustainable Development.
7. Goodwin, H. (2017). The Importance of Community Engagement in Tourism Development.
8. Hall, C. M. (2007). Tourism: Growth, Myths, and Inequalities.
9. Kaur, H. (2021). Sustainability Challenges for Tourism in Bali. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(5), 757-773.
10. Purnama, I. G. (2017). Tri Hita Karana: A Balinese Philosophy for Sustainable Tourism.
11. Suharti, M. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Tourism in Bali: An Analysis of Economic Strain. Tourism Management Perspectives.
12. Timothy, D. J., & Teye, V. B. (2009). Tourism and Religious Journeys: Balancing Economic Impact and Cultural Heritage.
13. World Bank. (2021). Tourism in Bali and the Covid-19 Pandemic: Economic Impacts and Recovery Strategies.
14. World Travel & Tourism Council. (2021). Annual Economic Impact Report: Bali.
This case study provides a comprehensive overview of Bali as an international tourism destination, presenting a balanced analysis of the challenges and opportunities that tourism brings to the island. Balancing economic interests with sustainable practices will be pivotal in shaping Bali's tourism future.