Areas Under The Normal Curveexamplez Ddd Dd1 Oc D03 D04 Dd5 D ✓ Solved

Areas under the Normal Curve Example: z D.DD D.D1 â–¡.oc D.03 D.04 D.D5 D.DB MT a.M D.DB 0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359 0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753 0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141 0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1430 0.1517 0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1 B08 0.1844 0..5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224 0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2436 0.2517 0.2549 0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852 0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133 0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0..0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621 1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830 1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015 1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177 1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0..5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441 1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545 1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633 1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.46® 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706 1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0..0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817 2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857 2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890 2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916 2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0..5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952 2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964 2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974 2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981 2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0..0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990 Student's f Distribution c Confidence interval Right-tailed test Confida noa Intervals, c B04àŒ M4Ä° Laval of Si g n ificinca far Ona-Tiilad Test.u df D.1DQ D.06D D.OàŽ5 D.D10 0.005 D.DD05 Laval of Significants for Twa-Tail ad Tast, « D.20 0.10 0.D5 D.0à D.D1 D.0D.078 6.314 12.708 31.821 63...BB8 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31..638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12..533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610 E 1.47B 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6..440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5..415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5..397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041 S 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4..372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4..363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4..358 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4..350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4..345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4..341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4..337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4..333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3..330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3..328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3..325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3..323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3..321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3..319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3..318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3..318 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3..315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3..314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3..313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3..311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3..310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.64à– 40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3..296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3..289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373 K 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291 -tOt 1 Two-tailed test 1 A survey is made in a neighborhood of 90 voters.

75 are Democrats and 15 are Republicans. Of the Democrats, 30 are women, while 7 of the Republicans are women. If one subject from the group is randomly selected, find the probability the individual is a male Republican. 2 Container 1 has 8 items, 3 of which are defective. Container 2 has 5 items, 3 of which are defective.

If one item is drawn from each container, what is the probability that only one of the items is defective? 3 A letter is drawn from the alphabet of 26 letters. What is the probability that the letter drawn is a vowel? 4 A family has two children. What is the probability that both are girls, given that at least one is a girl?

5 If n = 29 and p = .6, then the standard deviation of the binomial distribution is 6 Consider a Poisson distribution with an average of 4 customers per minute at the local grocery store. If X = the number of arrivals per minute, find the probability of more than 6 customers arriving within a minute. 7 An important part of the customer service responsibilities of a cable company is the speed with which trouble in service can be repaired. Historically, the data show that the likelihood is 0.70 that troubles in a residential service can be repaired on the same day. For the first four troubles reported on a given day, what is the probability that all four will be repaired on the same day?

8 Suppose that the waiting time for a license plate renewal at a local office of a state motor vehicle department has been found to be normally distributed with a mean of 29 minutes and a standard deviation of 6 minutes. Suppose that in an effort to provide better service to the public, the director of the local office is permitted to provide discounts to those individuals whose waiting time exceeds a predetermined time. The director decides that 10 percent of the customers should receive this discount. What number of minutes do they need to wait to receive the discount? 9 An apple juice producer buys all his apples from a conglomerate of apple growers in one northwestern state.

The amount of juice obtained from each of these apples is approximately normally distributed with a mean of 2.38 ounces and a standard deviation of 0.1 ounce. What is the probability that a randomly selected apple will contain more than 2.40 ounces? 10 While conducting experiments, a marine biologist selects water depths from a uniformly distributed collection that vary between 2.00 m and 8.00 m. What is the probability that a randomly selected depth is between 2.25 m and 5.00 m?

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Understanding Areas Under the Normal Curve

Introduction to Normal Distribution

The normal distribution is a symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution that is widely used in statistics. It describes how the values of a variable are distributed. In a normal distribution, 68% of the values lie within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% lie within two standard deviations, and about 99.7% lie within three standard deviations. This property of normal distribution makes it essential in various statistical methods, including hypothesis testing and confidence interval estimation.

Z-Scores

A z-score is a numerical representation of how many standard deviations an element is from the mean. By using z-scores, we can determine the area under the normal curve for specific values (z). The formula to calculate the z-score is:
\[
z = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}
\]
Where:
- \(X\) is the value of the element,
- \(\mu\) is the mean,
- \(\sigma\) is the standard deviation.

Using Z-Tables

Z-tables or standard normal distribution tables provide the area (probability) to the left of a given z-score. To find the area to the right of a z-score, we subtract the area value from 1. For example, if a z-value is calculated as 1.0, we refer to the z-table and find that the area to the left is approximately 0.8413, so the area to the right would be \(1 - 0.8413 = 0.1587\). This area represents the probability of a randomly selected score being greater than the calculated z-score.

Example Problems

Example 1: Finding the Probability of a Male Republican

In a neighborhood of 90 voters with 75 Democrats and 15 Republicans, where 30 Democrats are women and 7 Republicans are women, we can find the probability of selecting a male Republican.
1. Total Males:
- Total Republicans = 15
- Female Republicans = 7
- Male Republicans = \(15 - 7 = 8\)
2. Probability Calculation:
- Probability = \(\frac{\text{Number of Male Republicans}}{\text{Total Voters}} = \frac{8}{90} \approx 0.0889\).

Example 2: Containers with Defective Items

Container 1 has 8 items (3 defective), and Container 2 has 5 items (3 defective). The probability of drawing one defective item can be calculated as:
1. Probability of Drawing from Container 1:
- P(Defective from C1) = \(\frac{3}{8}\)
- P(Not Defective from C1) = \(\frac{5}{8}\)
2. Probability of Drawing from Container 2:
- P(Defective from C2) = \(\frac{3}{5}\)
- P(Not Defective from C2) = \(\frac{2}{5}\)
3. Calculating the probability of exactly one defective item:
- \(P(Defective from C1 and Not Defective from C2) + P(Not Defective from C1 and Defective from C2\)
- = \(\left(\frac{3}{8} \frac{2}{5}\right) + \left(\frac{5}{8} \frac{3}{5}\right) = 0.20 + 0.375 = 0.575\).

Example 3: Vowel Probability from English Alphabet

To calculate the probability of selecting a vowel from the English alphabet of 26 letters:
1. Count of Vowels: A, E, I, O, U (5 vowels)
2. Probability Calculation:
- \(P(Vowel) = \frac{5}{26} \approx 0.1923\).

Example 4: Probability of Two Children Being Girls

Let’s calculate the probability of a family having two girls given that at least one is a girl.
1. Sample Space: Possible combinations of two children (GG, GB, BG, BB).
2. Event Definition: Given at least one girl, the sample space reduces to (GG, GB, BG).
3. Probability Calculation:
- P(Both are Girls) = \(P(GG) = \frac{1}{3}\).

Example 5: Standard Deviation of Binomial Distribution

For a binomial distribution with \(n = 29\) and \(p = 0.6\), the standard deviation can be calculated by the formula:
\[
\sigma = \sqrt{n \cdot p \cdot (1-p)} = \sqrt{29 \cdot 0.6 \cdot 0.4} \approx 3.049
\]

Example 6: Poisson Distribution

Given an average of 4 customers per minute, to find the probability of more than 6 customers arriving, we can use the Poisson formula:
\[
P(X=k) = \frac{e^{-\lambda} \lambda^k}{k!}
\]
Where \(\lambda = 4\). To find \(P(X > 6)\), we calculate:
\[
P(X > 6) = 1 - (P(X=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2) + P(X=3) + P(X=4) + P(X=5) + P(X=6))
\]
After calculating these probabilities and summing them appropriately, you will derive the desired probability of more than 6 arriving customers.

Example 7: Waiting Time and Discounts

Given a normally distributed waiting time of a license renewal with mean \( \mu = 29\) minutes and standard deviation \( \sigma = 6\) minutes, to determine the maximum waiting time for 10% of customers to receive a discount:
1. Z-Score for the 90th Percentile: Using the z-table, the z-score for 0.90 (a 90% probability) is approximately 1.2816.
\[
X = \mu + z \cdot \sigma = 29 + (1.2816 \cdot 6) \approx 36.69
\]

Example 8: Juice from Apples

For randomly selected apples, to find the probability that an apple contains more than 2.40 ounces, use the z-score:
1. Calculate the z-score:
\[
z = \frac{2.40 - 2.38}{0.1} = 0.2
\]
2. Z-Table Lookup: The area to the left of z = 0.2 is 0.5793, so the area to the right is:
\[
P(X > 2.40) = 1 - 0.5793 = 0.4207
\]

Example 9: Uniform Distribution Depths

Given a uniform distribution for depths between 2.00 m to 8.00 m, to find the probability of a depth being between 2.25 m and 5.00 m:
1. Height of the Rectangle (Uniform Distribution): 6 m (8.00 - 2.00)
2. Base of the Rectangle: \(5.00 - 2.25 = 2.75 m\)
3. Probability Calculation:
\[
P(2.25 < X < 5.00) = \frac{2.75}{6} = 0.4583
\]

Conclusion

Understanding how to leverage the properties of the normal distribution and z-scores can help solve a vast array of problems in statistics. Through various examples, this paper illustrates practical applications of these principles. Mastery of areas under the normal curve is fundamental for professionals in fields such as psychology, sociology, and any data-driven sectors, as it allows informed decision-making based on statistical evidence.

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