Define The Words And Answer The Questionsarticles Of Confederation ✓ Solved

Define the words and answer the questions Articles of Confederation Northwest Ordnance James Madison Land Ordnance of 1785 The Constitution The Bill of Rights Shay’s Rebellion Virginia Plan Fallen Timbers Philadelphia Convention Alexander Hamilton The XYZ Affair The Great Compromise The 3/5ths Compromise Jay’s Treaty The Tariff Whiskey Rebellion Anti-federalists The Federalist Papers Quasi-War with France New Jersey Plan Alien & Sedition Acts The 1st Bank of the U.S. Federalist Party Jeffersonian Republicans Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions The French Revolution Pinckney’s Treaty “checks & balances†“separation of powers†The Farewell Address Why were the Articles of Confederation fatally flawed as our nation’s first constitution, and why did the efforts to amend them fail?

Describe the events that led to the convening of the Constitutional Convention in 1787. How did the delegates to it exceed their authority? What were the key issues at the Constitutional Convention, and how were they settled? Describe the process by which the Constitution was ratified. How was the process weighted in favor of ratification?

What were the political principles embodied in the Constitution, and how did it strengthen the powers of the national government? What were the provisions of Alexander Hamilton’s financial program for the national government, what opposition did it encounter, and how was it adopted? What political tradition did Washington establish by not running for a third term as President? What advice did George Washington give to the nation in his Farewell Address? What was the first truly contested Presidential election in our history, and what were its results?

What were the general differences in political philosophy between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson? How did the United States respond to the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe between Britain and France, and what impact did their conflict have on our nation? What were the causes and results of our undeclared war with France at the end of the 18th century? What was the cause of the Whiskey Rebellion? How did the government’s handling of it differ from its earlier response to Shay’s Rebellion?

1. THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA William Henry Harrison Hartford Convention Napoleon Aaron Burr Albert Gallatin Barbary pirates The Louisiana Purchase Lewis & Clark Tripoli John Marshall Marbury vs. Madison Tippecanoe Orders in Council “Midnight Judges†Henry Clay Tecumseh Berlin & Milan Decrees Embargo Act William Henry Harrison The War Hawks Impressment Chesapeake Affair Lake Erie Fort Mims Oliver Hazard Perry Battle of New Orleans Plattsburg Fort McHenry Treaty of Ghent Francis Scott Key Non-Intercourse Act Macon’s Bill No. 2 Andrew Jackson Thomas MacDonough Creek Indians Why did the Presidential election of 1800 end in a tie, how was the tie broken, and what step was taken to ensure that a similar situation never occurred again?

Why was the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson as President in 1801 considered a major milestone in the political history of the United States? What assumptions and beliefs did Thomas Jefferson bring into office with him, and what impact did they have on his policies as President? How did the military stalemate between Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars affect the United States? What policy did Jefferson adopt in order to get both nations to respect our neutral rights, and how successful was it? What is the power of “Judicial Reviewâ€, how did the Supreme Court obtain it, and when did it first exercise that power?

Why was the United States able to obtain Louisiana, and why did it want that territory?. What political and constitutional dilemma did its purchase pose for Jefferson, and how did he resolve it? Why did the United States declare war against Great Britain in 1812, and what were the results of the ensuing war? What military strategy did the United States follow in that conflict? What impact did the apparent defeat of Napoleon in Europe in the spring of 1814 have on the course of the War of 1812 in America? What did the United States gain from the War of 1812?

Paper for above instructions

Definitions

1. Articles of Confederation: The first constitution of the United States, officially ratified in 1781, which established a confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government.
2. Northwest Ordnance: A law passed in 1787 that established a method for admitting new states from the Northwest Territory, ensuring that new states would be equal to the original thirteen.
3. James Madison: A Founding Father, often referred to as the "Father of the Constitution" due to his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
4. Land Ordinance of 1785: Legislation that regulated land sales in the Northwest Territory, fostering westward expansion and organizing land into townships.
5. The Constitution: The supreme law of the United States, which was drafted in 1787 and established the framework of the national government, including its three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.
6. The Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which guarantee individual rights and liberties.
7. Shay’s Rebellion: An armed uprising in 1786-1787 led by Daniel Shays in Massachusetts protesting economic injustices and lack of governmental response; it highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles.
8. Virginia Plan: A proposal at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislative branch, favoring larger states by basing representation on population.
9. Fallen Timbers: A 1794 battle in which American forces led by General Anthony Wayne defeated Native Americans, leading to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795.
10. Philadelphia Convention: The 1787 gathering aimed at revising the Articles of Confederation but resulted in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

The Flaws of the Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation were fundamentally flawed due to their weak central authority. There was no executive or judicial branch, making it difficult to enforce laws or resolve disputes (Beard, 1913). Key shortcomings included the inability to levy taxes or regulate commerce between states, which led to financial instability. Efforts to amend the Articles consistently failed due to the requirement for unanimous consent from all thirteen states (Storing, 1981). Shay's Rebellion catalyzed the realization that a stronger federal government was necessary, leading to the Constitutional Convention (Middlekauff, 2005).

Events Leading to the Constitutional Convention

The immediate catalyst for the Constitutional Convention in 1787 was widespread discontent stemming from economic issues, such as those exemplified by Shay’s Rebellion. The insurgency highlighted the inadequacy of the Articles in addressing domestic issues and maintaining order (Ramsay, 1789). Delegates exceeded their authority by drafting an entirely new Constitution rather than simply amending the existing Articles, as originally intended (Madison, 1788). Key issues included representation, federalism, and the means of electing the President. These were navigated through compromises, such as the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise (Farrand, 1911).

Ratification of the Constitution

The Constitution was ratified through a process that applied pressure on states to accept it quickly. Federalists, advocating for ratification, employed a strategy that highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles and the need for a strong central government (Benson, 1969). The Federalist Papers were published to convince the public and state legislators of the Constitution's merits (Hamilton, Madison, & Jay, 1788). To facilitate acceptance, provisions were included that protected individual rights, eventually leading to the Bill of Rights.

Political Principles of the Constitution

The Constitution established essential political principles such as “checks and balances” and “separation of powers” (Warren, 1924). These principles ensured that power was distributed among branches of government, preventing any single entity from dominating. This reorganization empowered the national government, enabling it to levy taxes, regulate commerce, and maintain a standing army (Elkins & McKitrick, 1993).

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program

Hamilton’s financial plan included the federal assumption of state debts and the establishment of a national bank to stabilize the economy (Sylla, 1998). Opposition arose primarily from Thomas Jefferson and his followers, who feared centralized power and potential overreach. Nevertheless, Hamilton’s tenacity led to the eventual adoption of his programs, aided by compromises such as the location of the nation’s capital (Kahn, 1970).

Washington's Political Traditions and Farewell Address

George Washington’s decision not to seek a third term established a precedent for presidential term limits and emphasized the importance of transitions of power (Ketcham, 1993). In his Farewell Address, Washington warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances, urging unity and the prioritization of the national interest (Washington, 1796).

The Election of 1800

The election of 1800 ended in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, resolved by the House of Representatives (Chernow, 2004). This event led to the 12th Amendment, which established separate ballots for President and Vice President, preventing future electoral crises.

Jefferson's Presidency and Policies

Jefferson’s inauguration marked a shift towards a more democratic ideology, emphasizing agrarianism and individual liberties (Gordon-Reed, 2008). He faced the challenge of navigating U.S. neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars by implementing the Embargo Act, which ultimately harmed the economy without achieving its intended goals (Lentz, 2005).

Judicial Review and The Supreme Court

Judicial Review, established in Marbury v. Madison (1803), allowed the Supreme Court to invalidate laws contrary to the Constitution (McNaughton, 2009). This landmark case confirmed the judiciary's role as a co-equal branch of government.

Louisiana Purchase

The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 doubled the nation’s size but posed constitutional dilemmas for Jefferson, who was concerned about the legality of the purchase. He resolved the dilemma by interpreting the Constitution broadly, thus reinforcing federal power (Bailyn, 1993).

War of 1812

The War of 1812—driven by British impressment of American sailors and trade restrictions—resulted in no territorial changes but fostered American nationalism (Hoffman, 2009). The victory at New Orleans and a strong showing in other battles reinforced the efficacy of a standing army and contributed to the so-called "Era of Good Feelings."
In conclusion, the evolution from the Articles of Confederation to a more robust Constitution marked a pivotal shift in American governance, addressing the inefficiencies of the former system. The actions and decisions made during this foundational period shaped key political philosophies and established enduring precedents that continue to influence the structure of government today.

References

1. Bailyn, B. (1993). The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Harvard University Press.
2. Beard, C. A. (1913). An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. Macmillan.
3. Benson, J. (1969). The Constitution of the United States: A Commentary. William Morrow.
4. Chernow, R. (2004). Alexander Hamilton. Penguin Press.
5. Elkins, S. & McKitrick, E. (1993). The Age of Federalism. Oxford University Press.
6. Farrand, M. (1911). The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Yale University Press.
7. Gordon-Reed, A. (2008). The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family. W.W. Norton.
8. Hoffman, A. (2009). The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict. University of Illinois Press.
9. Kahn, A. (1970). Alexander Hamilton: The Revolutionary Years. New York University Press.
10. Ketcham, R. (1993). James Madison: A Biography. University of Virginia Press.
In this manner, the early governance of the United States transitioned through substantial ideational and structural transformations that have left lasting impacts on the democratic processes and governmental frameworks.