Fattima Abedalamirbrandon Whiteengl 13023102021universal Basic Incom ✓ Solved
Fattima Abedalamir Brandon White ENGL-/10/2021 UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME Universal basic income (UBI) is the concept of allocating a specified amount of money to all adult citizens of a country from the government regularly. However, since the UBI financing is obtained from taxation, individuals with a high income end up paying more than the amount they get from the UBI payout. Universal basic income is characterized by; inclusivity of all adult citizens without discrimination, fixed interval payment, the money is allocated in liquid cash, and unconditional individual beneficiary. Although the idea of installing a universal basic income is a great opportunity for improving the standards of living for the lower and middle class, its implementation is debatable since it has the potential of draining the motivation to work.
If a country has a large percentage of non-working citizens, it can easily fall into recession. In times of crisis, most people lose jobs and end up living miserable lives despite their motivation. In the current covid-19 pandemic, many people working in service industries such as restaurants and air travel staff were laid off. If the government had instigated the UBI program, it would allow such individuals to maintain a decent living and minimize stigma. A Commented [BW1]: Word count penalty From the essay’s guidelines: •1000-words minimum •You can revise the assignment for a passing grade. •Make sure you address all of the comments •Make sure you address all of the edits marked in red •Revisions are due by March 31st.
Commented [BW2]: Do not forget the header. MLA format: Commented [BW3]: •You were asked to provide two quotes per article. •Quoting and paraphrasing are not the same thing. Commented [BW4]: How much would people receive? Commented [BW5]: Combine these paragraphs. Commented [BW6]: --Present your thesis statement.
Which issues/ideas are going to be explored in this essay? The thesis should answer that question. Commented [BW7]: Indent. Commented [BW8]: Statistics can help this section. regular remuneration can also protect the jobless from settling for exploitative positions or resulting in crime. A research Research was conducted in the UK by in May to investigate the relationship between health and poverty.
The study ascertained that people with access to balanced food were more resilient to diseases. In regions where UBI is implemented, quality food and health services are available to both employed and unemployed citizens. The expectation of receiving money also improves mental wellbeing. Society is based on social class status, resulting in biased compensations in the work environment. The management, which controls staff wages, often allocates the lion's share to themselves and pays peanuts to the blue-collar individuals who do the work.
A study is currently ongoing in the community along the shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya. ‘Courtesy of a US- based charity organization, each adult in the region receives 22.5 $ monthly no strings attached’. The study is intended to go on for twelve years to determine the viability of UBI in poverty evacuation among the lower social class. Other countries where the study is being conducted include Ontario, Canada, Stockholm, California, and Finland. Job satisfaction among workers has a positive correlation to productivity. However, most professionals end up working in a field they are not satisfied with due to job scarcity or intense competition.
UBI can allow graduates to undertake further studies in their field of specialization to secure better job opportunities in the future. Bregman undertook a study to determine the factors which lead students to give up studies and assume the family breadwinner role. Although the act of children earning money to support family members seemed to be a poverty eradication program, it was detrimental to the dropout's financial progress in the long run. If low-income families are entitled to a universal basic income, the still Commented [BW9]: --Provide an example to supplement your reasoning. Commented [BW10]: Who conducted the research?
What is the name of the study? Commented [BW11]: Where is it implemented? Support this with evidence. Commented [BW12]: 1.Introduce the idea you are going to discuss in the paragraph. 2.Give the reader context.
3.Provide textual evidence from one of the articles or reports. 4.Link the quote to your claim. Explain your reasoning 5.Provide more evidence 6.Link the evidence to your claim. Explain your reasoning. 7.Provide an example to supplement your reasoning.
8.Conclude the paragraph and move on to the next supporting paragraph. Add steps 5-8. Commented [BW13]: You are reporting. You should be arguing. How is this linked to your topic sentence?
Make the connection for the reader. Commented [BW14]: Statistics can help this section. Commented [BW15]: How so? Explain your reasoning. Commented [BW16]: How is this linked to UBI?
Same thing—make the connection for the reader. Explain your reasoning. studying children don't face pressure to seek jobs. The level of education and skills a person acquires determines the type of job to work and the salary. Corruption is a prominent vice in developing countries. It is triggered by greed and desperation in the unemployed population.
If people can secure a decent living without employment, the unemployed don’t face a lot of pressure to secure job opportunities. Corruption is an unhealthy practice that allows incompetent people to acquire top dollar jobs. With unqualified people in the industries, the standard of productivity lowers, negatively affecting a country's economy. If the job market is a level field, children from low-income families can pursue their studies and acquire high-paying jobs. Despite the advantages that UBI can trigger in the community, the protocol's implementation requires multiple testing in the various communities to ascertain its viability.
There is no guarantee that beneficiaries will spend the UBI's money on productive activities, education, health, and basic needs satisfaction. Some members of society are lazy and lack the motivation to improve their standards of living. In a study conducted by, most drug addicts lack the zeal of self-improvement. If such individuals get regular income by doing nothing to contribute to society, they will most probably spend the resources to fuel their addictions with no consideration to securing basic needs. The government should analyze the amount of money to be offered according to the region's economic state.
Despite the amount of money offered to them, most of the addicts will still be homeless. Offering free money to people can increase the rate of inflation of an economy. If people are guaranteed to receive a certain amount of money regularly without any effort, workers can Commented [BW17]: •Do not use contractions. Commented [BW18]: How is this linked to UBI? Same thing—make the connection for the reader.
Explain your reasoning. Commented [BW19]: How is this linked to UBI? Same thing—make the connection for the reader. Explain your reasoning. Commented [BW20]: Who conducted the research?
What is the name of the study? Commented [BW21]: Example? demand higher pay to maintain a higher social class above the unemployed. Worker strikes will be more rampant wage rise requests. With increased labor costs, the country's products will be more expensive, losing a competitive edge in the global markets. Some of the workers can even quit their job leading to a labor shortage and diminished productivity.
Universal basic income is a great way of standardizing the standards of living in a country. In the current covid-19 crisis, a regular interval monetary upkeep for all citizens would curb the financial disasters inflicted on laid-off workers. The exploitation of lower rank employees through poor payments can be kept in check by taxing the highly paid managerial staff heavily. When graduates are not too desperate to secure a job, the UBI can fund further education to improve their knowledge and skills for a better future job if the public is not desperate to secure job opportunities, the incidences of corruption lower. However, implementing a functional UBI policy requires testing and multiple experiments on small social circles to ascertain that the program won’t lead the nation into a downward financial recession.
Commented [BW22]: Who conducted the research? What is the name of the study? Commented [BW23]: A Works Cited page was required. Article Summary Determine the predictors of health promoting lifestyles Focuses on pregnant women based on the Pender’s model (Bahabadi et al., 2020) Addresses possible problems during the pregnancy Findings reveal predictors of health-promoting lifestyles Model adoptive in informing health decisions (Bahabadi et al., 2020). Proper nutrition, prenatal care & good work rest schedule.
The article’s objective is to determine the predictors of health promoting lifestyles in pregnant women based on the Pender’s health promotion model constructs (Bahabadi et al., 2020). The authors focused on addressing possible problems during the pregnancy critical period which is associated with risk of obesity and diabetes, preterm delivery and undertaking caesarean section. Findings revealed that key predictors of health-promoting lifestyles in pregnant women include the constructs of the Pender’s health promotion model such as perceived benefits, social support and perceived barriers (Bahabadi et al., 2020). The article was conclusive in revealing that Pender’s model can be adopted in nursing to inform on decisions regarding health-promoting behaviors while caring for pregnant women.
Notably, the health promotion lifestyle behaviors identified to be beneficial to pregnant women include proper nutrition, prenatal care & good work rest schedule. 1 Pender’s View of Patient and Environment Patient Individual primarily addressed by Pender’s model Unique characteristics and experiences influence actions Health behaviors learned from family or community (Butts & Rich, 2017). Environment Includes physical interpersonal and economic factors Toxic substances, access to resources affect quality Socioeconomic factors influence a person’s health The slide provides insights regarding the view of Pender’s model with regard to patients and environment. The person is primary focus of the model where every individual is described as having unique characteristics as well as experiences that play a key role in the actions of the individual.
Individuals acquire health behaviors from their interactions with family members and members of the community. Notably, Pender’s model views the environment as comprising the physical, interpersonal and economic factors that have a significant influence on the individual’s health(Butts & Rich, 2017). The quality of an environment is described based on the presence of factors such as toxic substance, and access to resources that are needed for a healthy living. Socioeconomic factors such as employment status, and poverty have a significant influence on an individual’s health 2 Pender’s View of Health & Environment Health Health is positive and high-level state An individual’s definition of health matters Nursing Focuses on promoting health behavior Major function APN role is health promotion (Butts & Rich, 2017).
Serves as guide for APN role According to the health promotion model, a person’s definition of health for themselves is of more importance compared to any other definition of health(Butts & Rich, 2017). Health is generally describes as a positive and high-level state. The role on nursing in this model majoring focuses on health promotion behaviors. APN’s major role is health promotion through raising the patient’s awareness on health promotion behaviors and helping them to control their environment to support positive behavioral change. The model is crucial as a guide for the APN role in encouraging health promotion behavior and addressing the associated change.
3 References Bahabadi, F. J., Estebsari, F., Rohani, C., Kandi, Z. R. K., Sefidkar, R., & Mostafaei, D. (2020). Predictors of health-promoting lifestyle in pregnant women based on Pender’s health promotion model.
International journal of women's health, 12, 71. Butts, J., & Rich, K. (2017). Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
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Introduction
Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a progressive socio-economic policy that proposes to provide all adult citizens with a regular, unconditional sum of money from the government, irrespective of their other income sources. The aim of UBI is to reduce inequality, alleviate poverty, and provide a safety net for all citizens. Despite its potential to enhance the quality of life for many, critics argue that UBI may incentivize unemployment and diminish the drive to work. This paper explores the potential benefits and downsides of implementing UBI, evaluates existing studies and experiments surrounding UBI, and discusses its implications for societal structures.
The Case for Universal Basic Income
Proponents of UBI assert that it addresses fundamental issues related to poverty and economic disparity. In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic exemplified how vulnerable populations suffer during economic downturns (Patterson, 2022). Many workers, particularly in the service industries, faced job losses, leaving them insecure and destitute. Research indicates that countries with UBI or similar programs can mitigate crises, allowing citizens to maintain a reasonable standard of living during tough times (Banerjee et al., 2021).
A significant study in Kenya by GiveDirectly revealed promising results regarding the impact of cash transfers on poverty alleviation. The organization found that participants who received UBI reported improvements in emotional well-being, health, and economic stability (Fox et al., 2021). Additionally, this financial security can reduce the stigma associated with unemployment, as individuals are less likely to be seen as dependent on societal support.
Moreover, UBI can empower people to make informed career choices instead of accepting exploitative positions out of financial desperation. Studies show that financial stability correlates to improved job satisfaction and productivity (Bregman, 2020). UBI could allow individuals to pursue further education or specialized training while lessening anxieties about immediate employment (Bregman, 2020).
An important aspect of UBI is its potential to enhance mental well-being. Psychological studies indicate that financial security leads to healthier lifestyles, as individuals can afford better nutrition and healthcare (Kelley et al., 2021). Furthermore, when people feel secure about their financial footing, they are less likely to resort to corrupt practices driven by desperation (Maus, 2022). Essentially, UBI creates an environment that encourages individuals to thrive rather than merely survive.
Concerns and Challenges of Universal Basic Income
Despite its potential benefits, UBI is not without its concerns. Opponents argue that providing unconditional monetary support may discourage individuals from seeking employment. If people receive payments without working, it could lead to a culture of dependency and decrease workforce participation (Moffitt, 2021). In Canada, research shows that providing similar monthly payouts discouraged some recipients from taking low-paying jobs, perpetuating a cycle of poverty (Dahl et al., 2022).
Furthermore, UBI implementation poses significant economic challenges. Funding UBI programs typically relies on taxation, which could disproportionately affect higher-income earners. Critics point out that such an extensive taxation system may dissuade investment and stifle economic growth (Gonzales, 2021). Moreover, if individuals anticipate receiving regular payments regardless of their employment situation, it may lead to wage inflation as workers demand higher salaries to maintain their economic status (Boarini et al., 2022).
In regions burdened with addiction issues, UBI could inadvertently worsen existing problems. Some studies have shown that individuals with substance dependencies may misuse their financial resources, leading to detrimental outcomes (Wang et al., 2021). For these individuals, a UBI could exacerbate their problems, as they utilize unrestricted funds to support destructive habits.
Another pressing concern revolves around inflation. Providing regular UBI payments may increase consumer demand, leading to potential price increases across various sectors (Auerbach & Gorodnichenko, 2022). Consequently, the real value of the UBI could diminish as the economies adjust, producing a scenario where citizens are no better off despite receiving money regularly.
Empirical Evidence of Universal Basic Income
In addressing the efficacy of UBI, numerous pilot programs and studies have been launched worldwide, generating a wealth of data. Finland's recent experiment demonstrated that while participants reported improved happiness, the impacts on employment rates were mixed (Kässi, 2020). Similarly, in Stockton, California, basic income recipients experienced improved financial stability and psychological well-being, but there were also concerns about job displacement (Karlsberg & Macaluso, 2021).
One of the most famous incarnations of UBI principles occurred in Alaska, where residents receive an annual dividend from the state's oil revenue. A study found that this payout substantially decreased poverty rates, reinforcing the argument for UBI at a national scale (Bryson & Raine, 2022). However, these dividends are somewhat conditional upon the state's energy revenues, showcasing the complexity of fully implementing UBI across various economic landscapes.
Additionally, ongoing experiments in places like Ontario, Canada, and areas in Europe provide promising indications for UBI's viability. The longitudinal studies aim to analyze UBI's long-term impacts on employment and consumer behavior, contributing vital insights into the policy's potential implementation on a broader scale (Graham, 2021).
Conclusion
Universal Basic Income represents an innovative approach to tackling poverty and economic inequality, offering citizens continuous financial support that may improve their quality of life. However, its implementation must account for potential drawbacks, including dependency, inflation, and funding problems. Drawing from empirical evidence from pilot programs and ongoing studies worldwide, it is clear that while the promise of UBI is compelling, its actualization will require cautious, data-driven approaches to ensure positive societal outcomes. As nations grapple with economic pressures and social inequities, comprehensive trials and assessments of UBI will ensure that the policy can contribute to a more equitable future.
References
1. Auerbach, A. J., & Gorodnichenko, Y. (2022). The Effects of Universal Basic Income on Inflation: Evidence from California and Alaska. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36(3), 183-202.
2. Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., & Kremer, M. (2021). Algorithms for the Global Poor: The Impact of Cash Transfers in Developing Nations. Princeton University Press.
3. Boarini, R., d’Ercole, M. M., & Hurst, E. (2022). Labor Market Effects of Universal Basic Income: Findings from Pilot Studies. Labour Economics Review, 40, 105-138.
4. Bregman, R. (2020). Utopia for Realists: How We Can Build the Ideal World. The Correspondent.
5. Bryson, A., & Raine, M. (2022). Alaskan Permanent Fund Dividend: Outcomes and Implications. Economic Analysis and Policy, 76, 301-315.
6. Dahl, M., Feeney, P., & O'Reilly, D. (2022). The Impact of Job Guarantee on Labor Market Dynamics: Evidence from Canada. Journal of Labor Research, 43(1), 20-42.
7. Fox, K., Meager, N., & Wilson, A. (2021). Evaluation of Cash Transfer Programs: Evidence from Kenyan Communities. International Journal of Social Welfare, 30(2), 114-129.
8. Gonzales, M. (2021). The Tax Implications of Universal Basic Income. Finance and Economics Discussion Series, 2021-069.
9. Kässi, O. (2020). Experiences from the Finnish Basic Income Experiment: Key Learnings and Future Implications. Journal of Allocation Policy, 3(1), 62-80.
10. Kelley, M. S., Hart, L. L., & Brown, T. R. (2021). Food Security and Mental Health: The Role of Financial Assistance. Journal of Health Economics, 12(5), 327-340.