In your own words (or pictures), describe (or draw) the 4 stages of cellular res
ID: 101032 • Letter: I
Question
In your own words (or pictures), describe (or draw) the 4 stages of cellular respiration, noting major inputs to each stage and major outputs (products) from each stage, keep track of your carbons, and indicate where in the cell each stage occurs. If you do choose to draw the stages, you do not need to type your answer to this question 2. 3. The following conditions are used to study lactic acid fermentation (volumes in mL): Di water 4 Muscle cell suspension Glucose 0 Amount of Co2 Amount of CO2 0 Tube 0 2 4 1 In your own words, define "negative control." Why should every well-designed experiment contain a negative control? a. b. Identify which of the above tube(s) would be negative controls. Indicate why you would consider them to be a negative control. c. What would it mean if the "negative control" in the experiment above produced C02? d. In your own words, define "positive control." Why should every well-designed experiment contain a positive control? If this experiment was conducted at normal atmospheric pressure and two of the four tubes contained the products of fermentation (measured as CO2 produced), this experiment could be repeated using a variety of atmospheric pressures. In the second half of the experiment, which of the above tubes could e.Explanation / Answer
Cellular respiration is a process in which enegry is released from organic compound like glucose. Cellular respiration consists of four stages-
Let us start with Glycolysis. It starts with a molecule of glucose(6 carbon) in cytosol of all cells. By the end of glycolysis we get 2, 3 carbon molecules that is- pyruvic acid. other things we get from glycolysis are- 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Then this pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix which was previously in the cytoplasm.Here pyruvic acid (3 carbon)is oxidized into acetyl coA (2 carbon) releasing a CO2 molecules.this is called pyruvate oxidation.From 2 pyruvate it gives 2 CO2 and 2 NADH.
Next this Acetyl coA (2 carbon) enters Krebs cycle here it combines with Oxaloacetate(4 carbon) in mitochondrial matrix giving rise to citrate(6 carbon) and in a series of reactions give rise to 4 CO2 + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2.
And the final step of cellular respiration is Oxidative Phosphorylation. It occurs inside the Inner mitochondrial membrane. Here free energy is released during oxidation of NADH and FADH2 which have been produced in previous steps and ATPs are formed.
So atlast let us cound the number of ATP we get from oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose.
Glycolysis-2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Pyruvate oxidation-2 NADH.
Krebs cycle-2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2.
So 4 ATP, 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 is produced. Each NADH gives rise to 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 gives rise to 1.5 ATP. So 25 ATP from NADH+ 3 ATP from FADH2 + 4 ATP from glycolysis and krebs cycle=32 molecules of ATP.