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To confirm the head loss predicted by a pipe friction equation associated with flow of water through a smooth bore pipe. The experimental setup uses, the pipe friction apparatus(shown below), a measuring jar and a stop watch. The apparatus has 2 double pressure gauges for differential pressure measurement from 0-1000 nun of water. The PVC pipes are 16.5 mm I.D. and can be treated as smooth. The following instructions for experimentation and the performance of the experiments are based on the HM 150 Hydraulics Bench. Position test set-up on the HM 150 Hydraulics Bench with drainage via volumetric tank. Switch on pump and slowly open main cock of HM 150. Connect pressure gauges to desired measurement points. Slowly open ball cock of appropriate measurement system and vent pressure gauges. By simultaneously adjusting vent and drain valve on pressure gauge, set water level such that both water columns are in the measuring range. To determine volumetric flow, establish time required to raise the level in the volumetric tank of the HM 150 from 10 to 20 or 30 liters. The drain cock beneath the tank is to be closed for this purpose. Tubular steel frame with suction pads Back wall Ball cocks for shutting off part sections Annular chambers with pressure tapping nipple Double pressure gauge Adjustable Measurement system Measurement objects - flow Measurement Measurement objects - shut-off devices Inlet (concealed) Drain Measurement system Professor Osborne Reynolds demonstrated that two types of flow may exist in a pipe. Laminar flow at low velocities, where head loss h is proportional to the velocity of flow u. Turbulent flow at higher velocities, where h un These two types of flow are separated by a transition phase, where no definite relationship between h and u exists. For a circular pipe flowing full, the head loss due to friction (m H2O) may be calculated from the formula h = flu2 / 2gd where L = length of pipe between tappings (m) d = internal diameter of the pipe (m) u = mean velocity of water through the pipe (m / s) g =9.81 (acceleration due to gravity, m / s2 ) f = pipe friction coefficient (American) Having established the value of Reynolds number Re for flow in the pipe, the value of f may be determined from a Moody diagram. Re = rho ud / mu mu = molecular viscosity =1.15 x 10-3 NS / m 2 at 15 degree C rho = density = 999 kg / m3 at 15 degree C Head loss(m.H2O) in a pipe fitting is proporitional to the velocity head of the fluid, flowing through the fitting. h = Ku2 / 2g Flow rate(Q) of water in the experiment is calculated by the equation Q(m3 / s) = V / t where V (m3) = Volume of water collected T(s) = Time taken to collect V. From the quantity of water collected per unit time, the average velocity of flow in the pipe can be determined by dividing it by the area of the pipe. u = 4Q / pi d2 where d(m) = Diameter of the pipe. Knowing the velocity and diameter of the pipe, the Reynolds number is calculated. The friction factor is found out from the Moody's chart, corresponding to the Reynolds number for that particular flow. The curve corresponding to the smooth pipe can be used in finding the friction factor. With this, the head loss due to friction, for the particular flow rate, is calculated using the equation given in the theory. Open and close the appropriate valves to obtain flow of water through the 16.5 mm smooth bore test pipe. The pressure drop across two points spaced 800 nun apart, for flow of water in the pipe is noted down in 111111 of water. The flow rate is measured by noting down the time taken for a specific volume of water to collect. The quantity of water collected can be obtained from the measuring tank with a sight glass for high flow rates and by using a measuring jar for low flow rates. The experiment is repeated for various flow rates. All reading should be tabulated in Table I. Open and close the appropriate valves to obtain flow of water through the 16.5 mm smooth bore test pipe. The pressure drop across two points spaced 800 nun apart, for flow of water in the pipe is noted down in 111111 of water. The flow rate is measured by noting down the time taken for a specific volume of water to collect. The quantity of water collected can be obtained from the measuring tank with a sight glass for high flow rates and by using a measuring jar for low flow rates. The experiment is repeated for various flow rates. All reading should be tabulated in Table I. Compare the head loss from direct measurement from manometer and the calculated head loss (found from the equations) using graphs. Discuss on the shapes of the curves. Does that verify the pipe friction equation?
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