I would appreciate the typed answer to all of the questions. What is the charact
ID: 198396 • Letter: I
Question
I would appreciate the typed answer to all of the questions.
What is the characteristic structure of the most common type of integral membrane protein (transmembrane protein)? 8. 9 How are proteins attached to lipids (3 different ways)? Ch13 - Signal-Transduction Pathways 2. List 2 general responses that can result from signal transduction. 3. What are the 3 classes of membrane receptors? Understand their main features, mechanism of action, examples, and how the signal is terminated. Define and differentiate a primary messenger & second messenger. List 4 second messengers that are commonly used in animal cells. What role do protein kinases and phosphatases play in signal transduction? How do G proteins become active & inactive? Which amino acids can be phosphorylated? Be familiar with the epinephrine signaling pathway discussed: (1) activation of adenylate cyclase & (2) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. activation of phospholipase C. Be able to sketch the pathway. Ch14/15-Digestion/Metabolism Understand the role of proteases in digestion. Differentiate between aerobic respiration & anaerobic respiration. Differentiate between catabolic reactions and anabolic reactions. Reactions must be thermodynamically favorable in order to occur in cells. How are reactions with positive G 1. 2. 3. 4. values made thermodynamically favorable? 5. Compare molecules in a reaction and be able to determine which ones are oxidized vs. reduced over the course of a reaction. 6. Fuels are oxidized in cells to provide energy. Why does oxidation of fats provide more energy than oxidation of carbohydrates? 7. Why are vitamins necessary for metabolism and good health?Explanation / Answer
ans.8) There are two basic structures of transmembrane proteins. These are :-
1. Alpha helical
2. Beta barrels
Structure of alpha helix
The alpha helix is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a righthand - spiral conformation(i.e helix) in which every backbone N-H group donates a hydrogen bond to the C=O group of the amino acid located three or four residue earlier along the protein sequence.
The alpha helix is also called a classic Pauling Corey Branson alpha helix. The name 3.613 helix is also used for this type of helix, denoting the average number of residues per helical turn, with 13 atoms being involved in the ring formed by the hydrogen bond.
Among types of local structure in proteins, the alpha helix is the most regular and the most predictable from the sequence , as well as the most prevalent.