Please Answer ALL questions. Thanks! 7) In 1977, Dr. Frederick Sanger and collea
ID: 204981 • Letter: P
Question
Please Answer ALL questions. Thanks!
7) In 1977, Dr. Frederick Sanger and colleagues produced a method for sequencing DNA nucleotides. They used 2,3-dideoxyribonucleotides in a 1:100 ration with 2-deoxyribonuclotides to force random DNA chain termination. How does the 2,3-dideoxyribonuclotide differ from a 2-deoxyribonuclotide and why would it cause a chain termination. Speculate on how this could be used to determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. HN HO-P- Figure 2: dATP 8) Imagine that your lab is synthesizing a new type of cell. One of your colleagues suggests that your synthetic cell should use prokaryotic systems for all of the steps of gene expression (transcription and translation) because prokaryotic protein synthesis is faster than eukaryotic protein synthesis. List at least two characteristics of prokaryotic transcription and translation that make the overall process faster than in eukaryotesExplanation / Answer
Answer 7:
Chain termination method is based on the use of dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, derivatives of the normal deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates that lack the 3’ hydroxyl group.
To determine the complete sequence of the DNA fragment, the double stranded DNA is separated into single strands and one strand is used as a template strand for the sequencing. Four different type of chain terminating dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are used (ddATP, ddCTP, ddGTP, ddTTP) in reaction. Each reaction produces a set of DNA copies that terminate at different points in sequence. Because chain lacks 3’OH group, the addition of the next nucleotide is blocked therefore DNA chain terminates.
Answer 8:
In prokaryotes, expression of gene is regulated primarily at the transcriptional level where as in eukaryotes is regulated at different levels like transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational)
RNA transcription and protein translation occur almost simultaneously where in eukaryotes transcription and translation occurs in different compartment like nucleus and cytosol respectively.
Moreover, prokaryotes have fewer genes that are organized in operon whereas eukaryotes have many genes present on different chromosomes.
In prokaryotes, introns are not present so no splicing while eukaryotes undergo splicing because of their diversity.
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