I need to know what type of study design each one are: case control study, cohor
ID: 239726 • Letter: I
Question
I need to know what type of study design each one are: case control study, cohort study, ecological study, cross sectional study, or experimental study
Objective: To better understand the mechanisms behind breastfeeding and childhood obesity, we assessed the association of weight gain with the mode of milk delivery aside from the type of milk given to infants. DESIGN: A X study of infants followed up from birth to age 1 year. Multilevel analyses were conducted to estimate infant weight gain by type of milk and feeding mode. SETTING: Pregnant women were recruited from a consumer mail panel throughout the United States between May 2005 and June 2007. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand eight hundred ninety nine infants with at least 3 weight measurements reported during the first year. MAIN EXPOSURES: Six mutually exclusive feeding categories and proportions of milk feedings given as breastmilk or by bottle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight measurements reported on 3-, 5-, 7-, and 12-month surveys.
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Obesity and diabetes are increasingly attributed to environmental factors, however, little attention has been paid to the influence of the 'local' food economy. This paper examines the association of measures relating to the built environment and 'local' agriculture with U.S. county-level prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Key indicators of the 'local' food economy include the density of farmers' markets and the presence of farms with direct sales. This paper employs a robust regression estimator to account for non-normality of the data and to accommodate outliers. Overall, the built environment is associated with the prevalence of obesity and diabetes and a strong local' food economy may play an important role in prevention. Results imply considerable scope for community-level interventions.
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3. BACKGROUND: The treatment of methamphetamine dependence is a continuing global health problem. Agonist type pharmacotherapies have been used successfully to treat opioid and nicotine dependence and are being studied for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence.
METHODS/DESIGN: This is a phase 2 dose escalation study of lisdexamfetamine for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Twenty individuals seeking treatment for methamphetamine dependence will be recruited at two Australian drug and alcohol services. All participants will undergo a single-blinded ascending-descending dose regime of 100 to 250 mg lisdexamfetamine, dispensed daily on site, over an 8-week period. Participants will be offered counselling as standard care. For the primary objectives, the outcome variables will be adverse events monitoring, drug tolerability and regimen completion. Secondary outcomes will be changes in methamphetamine use, craving, withdrawal, severity of dependence, risk behavior and other substance use. (3 points for type of study)
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Explanation / Answer
1) Type of study : Longitudinal study
Longitudinal Studies - Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
2) Type of study : case control study - in this design , causes of disease are investigated after the occurrence of a disease.
3) Type of study: Experimental study - manipulation of independent variable , in the presence of control group.