Informatics and Application Systems in Healthcare Read \"Wearable Medical Device
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Question
Informatics and Application Systems in Healthcare
Read "Wearable Medical Devices for Tele-Home Healthcare" retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yuan-Ting_Zhang/publication/6532222_Wearable_medical_devices_for_tele-home_healthcare/links/00b49537e13a548b1b000000.pdf
Answer the following questions in a Word document style:
Summarize how each miniature and wearable biosensor works, for each case study, in order to provide for continuous acquisition of multiple biosignals for continuous quality of care.
Explain how the short range, wireless communication occurs between the sensors and a home-based intermediate terminal mobile phone communication for remote data access for each of the given case studies.
For each case study, summarize how the multi-sensor data fusion methods, which provide pre-diagnosis information, operate.
Category Understanding Description Points 15 Demonstrate a strong grasp of the problem at hand. Demonstrate understanding of how the course concepts apply to the problem 37.5 Summarize how each miniature and wearable biosensor works, for each case study, in order to provide for continuous acquisition of multiple biosignals for continuous quality of care Analysis Apply original thought to solving the business problem. Apply concepts from 15 37.5 the course material correctly toward solving the business problenm . Explain how the short range, wireless communication occurs betweern the sensors and a home-based intermediate terminal mobile phone communication for remote data access for each of the given case studies Execution 25 Write your answer clearly and succinctly using strong organization and proper 10 grammar. Use citations correctly For each case study, summarize how the multi-sensor data fusion methods, which provide pre-diagnosis information, operate . Total A quality paper will meet or exceed all of the above requirements 40 100Explanation / Answer
Biosensor Works:
The world’s ageing population and prevalence of
chronic diseases have lead to high demand for tele-home
healthcare, in which vital-signs monitoring is essential. An
overview of state-of-art wearable technologies for remote
patient-monitoring is presented, followed by case studies on a
cuffless blood pressure meter, ring-type heart rate monitor,
and Bluetooth
the chronic disease are worlds most popular cause of death it can prevented by close and monitring of patient vital sign by accurately with wearable medical equipment
A biosensor is composed of three main parts:
Biosensors are designed to react only with a particular substance and the result of this reaction comes in the form of messages that can be analyzed by a microprocessor.[8] These biosensors can be considered as receptors or stimuli; communication systems based on sensors can display, stimulate, treat, or substitute human biophysics performance
Telemedicine sensors:
Telemedicine sensors are chips 2 × 2 millimeters made of silicon. These chips consist of a thermal sensor and a narrow strip lithium battery and require a little power to start up the circuit, process electronic signals, and send them. The antenna embedded on the chip sends the data by radio signals to the monitor when it receives the command to send data. The applications can be include measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and blood oxygen level. The purpose of introducing this sensor is to develop a range of chips to display and monitor body activities and transfer the results to target medical centers. By placing the chip of a telemedicine sensor on the fingertip, it is possible to record and send several vital parameters. They can be noninvasively attached to different parts of the body and the results reported.
“Tele-sensor operation = Identification + recording + sending (transferring)”
Telemedicine sensors were first applied to monitor and send soldiers’ vital signs from war zones to a remote control register center. They have been noninvasively attached to different parts of body like a sticky substance. Additionally, they are capable of sending physiological data to a small monitor on another soldier's hat through wireless transmission. In this case, if data show physical injury conditions in one of five predetermined levels, the monitor will sound the aid alarm and assistance will be provided in the shortest time. Moreover, this monitor is capable of sending and receiving signals of Global Positioning System (GPS) for quick access to the incident location.
One of the main challenges the world faces is the increase in the aging population in developed countries. In the next 20 years, this population will increase by 20%. Hence, the need to provide high-quality care and health care services becomes increasingly important.
Case study
1) Motion measurement in body tracking
A new design was presented by Bertolotti et al. to apply for objective measurements of trunk or limb movements for the assessment of human body balance and control abilities. This system is based on a 72 MHz, 32-bit CPU (STM32F303VC; STMicroelectronics, Geneva, Switzerland) embedding a high performance ARM CortexM4, 32-bit RISC core, with the potential of supporting several sensors externally with high performance in both SPI and I2C mode. In this research, the sensor components (STMicroelectronics sensors) have a linear range and a sensitivity that allow proper measurement of body movements. Online processing, in the sense of data acquisition from different sensors, filtering, and data generation are performed at a high frequency of up to 72 MHz. Body movements are measured using 9DoF sensors: three inertial sensors, an accelerometer, a magnetometer, and a gyroscope. The full-scale values of the sensors can be modified by means of specific commands sent by the microcontroller. The size of the whole device, including all components in the box (circuit board, the Bluetooth module, and the battery) are 60 mm × 35 mm × 20 mm. The box is made of transparent plastic to allow the observation of LED indicators working on the board. The device proposed and implemented by this research group was designed to be used for three kinds of movement monitoring. The first and second types of movement monitoring are referred to as short- and long-term data monitoring. In the first type, the device is only connected to a PC to observe the results. In the second case, data are observed and locally stored for long-term monitoring. In the third type, the most important component is the body network, i.e. multiple units deployed on the subject's body and wired to a gateway unit, which can have a local memory or a wireless connection to a PC or hand-held device (full body monitoring of exercises).
2. Vital Signs Measurement:
Many wearable devices have been implemented to measure critical elements in healthcare monitoring. The majority of these devices are in one lead such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement, skin temperature, etc. There have been recent efforts in wearable devices to provide multi-task vital signs measurement. Here, we present the most creative and recent papers in this area.
3.Body-worn smart clothing
To obtain health care status's signals from various physiological indicators due to forming a source data center for comprehensive health monitoring, a ‘smart clothing’ design was presented in. To make smart clothing systems intelligent, an infrastructure incorporating smartphones, mobile applications, cloud computing, and big data analytic is required to communicate in the structured design.
Although several research approaches in the field of health monitoring have been proposed and implemented, the existing solutions in different aspects have failed for long-term health monitoring . Traditional health monitoring, which often collects one or a very limited number of physiological signals, is not very useful for chronic diseases in a full-range health monitoring system.
4.Wire-based wearable devices: limited physiological and environmental parameters measurement
In , a novel approach to medical monitoring was introduced by Sanfilippo and Pettersen. The methodology is wire-based and many vital signs are measured. This wearable integrated health-monitoring system is based on the e-Health Sensor Platform V2.0, which is the first biometric shield for Arduino and Raspberry Pi. However this device is not licensed for medical health monitoring. The system allows researchers to measure and investigate health through body monitoring by using 10 sensors to observe vital signs and perform motion tracking. EEG, ECG, and body temperature measurement are carried out by these sensors, which are connected to the platform. A push button is considered for emergency cases. Collected data are used in two scenarios. In the first, the user is monitored in real time, and in the second, sensitive data are transmitted to be analyzed for medical diagnosis.
Cardiopulmonary and vascular monitoring
The increase in reliable monitoring and reporting coupled with the versatility of sensor placement has facilitated efforts to implement SWS in clinical settings. Most of the attention to date has been focused on blood pressure monitoring with at home using sensors. The European guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention recommend frequent blood pressure monitoring in order to prevent coronary diseases . The dominance of chronic diseases as the major global death contributors has emerged, and The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates there will be about 20 million CVD deaths in 2015, accounting for about 30 percent of worldwide deaths . Additionally, telehome monitoring has been demonstrated to improve quality of care in patients with CVD . These statistics stimulated great demand worldwide for a device that detects respiration rate, breathing patterns and fatal breathing changes for prevention of or early detection of CVD . A new non-invasive long-term blood pressure measurement device measures the BP continuously on the wrist using ultrasound, a small balloon, and an actuator . A ring sensor has also been used to facilitate the management of hypertension and congestive heart failure .
Continuous multimodal measurement devices have also been developed. The Advanced Medical Monitor (AMON) system is a wristwatch model with a multi-variable sensor device . AMON contains an accelerometer that continuously measures physical activity and comprises other sensors in order to monitor BP, blood oxygen saturation, body temperature, and can take an ECG . Another wrist module was developed to measure BP by integrating a photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensor and an ECG sensor, allowing for continuous monitoring . The Murata vital sign sensor uses the optical absorption of hemoglobin proteins to make measurements of pulse and blood oxygen levels, and has two electrodes that measure the voltage differences generated by the heart. Murata’s innovative algorithm also has the ability to estimate user fatigue levels and exercise stress.
Multiple types of cardiac monitoring devices exist. Some involve surgical implantation of wireless devices that can monitor and report data to a smart phone and other devices can give patients access to a 24 h ECG via an adapter that acts as a phone cover. Most of the devices are external and can be placed on the wrist or around the thorax to accurately monitor cardiac function. An example of an external device is AliveCor’s integrated phone case and ECG leads, which allows patients to monitor and record their cardiac rhythms, as well as send their information to healthcare providers . This device has been cleared by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a Class II device and has received approval of their 510(k) in order to be available on the market. The University of Southern California recently published an article regarding its reliability and utility of this device within the cardiovascular field . With increasing computational capacity, storage capacity and ubiquitous connectivity, smart phones enable individuals to actively monitor their health in new locations . Doctors could use these types of devices in order to diagnose early signs or cardiac abnormalities that could potentially lead to better outcomes for cardiac patients. Atrial fibrillation (Afib) is the most common cardiac disorder and may be asymptomatic. Most patients are not diagnosed with Afib until their condition worsens to the point of heart attack, angina, stroke or heart failure. A recent study compared AliveCor’s device to a standard 12-Lead ECG to see if it was suitable for screening silent Afib, and found that the sensitivity and specificity were high and provided accurate and reliable data .the cornerstone of Afib management is simply early detection and SWSs facilitate this.
Studies at Mayo Clinic using “off-the-shelf” monitors have demonstrated the reliability and utility of accelerometers to assess mobility in the elderly after surgery . In this study, they used wireless accelerometers on postoperative cardiac surgery patients and found a correlation between the number of steps taken in their early recovery period, length of stay, and dismissal disposition .
Other multimodal sensors can monitor respiratory rate and concurrently monitor oxygen saturation, coughing events, and other respiratory variables. A good example of this type of monitoring is the microwave reflectometric vital signal sensing systems which have been developed to detect very weak microwaves that irradiate and scatter off the human body . A sensitive microwave sensor monitors the reflected waves, which change in phase in response to motions of the body, including the regular displacement of the chest during breathing or, the slight movement of the chest caused by the beating heart. This illustrates that these devices have an integrated system of sensors that can be used to monitor different variables rather than needing separate devices for each individual variable. A recent measurement system for drivers was introduced, where measuring the pressure applied to a gauge embedded in a seat belt derives the respiration rate . Universal Biosensors of Melbourne Victoria have also been working on a creating an electrochemical sensor that can measure prothrombin time for those patients who are taking warfarin .
Many devices, structures, designs, and solutions for remote wearable ECG monitoring, which plays a vital role in health monitoring have been proposed in the literature and industry. Generally, these solution are hard to implement and are not efficient enough in power consumption or performance. Some of them are remarkable but do not have the possibility of merging with other out signals from different systems.