Topic 2 Trial Questions isms to hare Unive What features are required by micro-o
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Question
Topic 2 Trial Questions isms to hare Unive What features are required by micro-organisms to infect and survive in the human body? List the mechanism by which micro-organism cause cell and tissue damage. Explain the processes involved in viral genome (HIV) integration in the host cells Describe the non-specific protective mechanisms which control the spread of infections within the body . Compare the different mechanisms of bacterial infection in human tissue . How is it possible that viruses can hide away from an "immune radar", potentially avoid destruction It is known that virus cause injury to cells and if they are detected they can be destroyed. Explain How that of cell dExplanation / Answer
- The human body inside and out for example, skin, mouth, innerpart of our body in intestine that wont do any harmful to our body. it helps to protect us from infection with any harmful microbes. in the human body bacteria usually cause localized infections and although the micro organism do not cause illness. infact many of them, protect us, helping our bodies function properly and competing with harmful organisms in an ongoing contect for habitable space in and on our bodies. among their other benifitial roles, microbes synthesize vitimines, breakdown food into absorbable nutrients and stimulate our immune system. the success of micro organisms is due to their remarkable adaptability. There is a evidence that microbes may contribute to many non-infectious disease like cancer and coronary heart disease. A pathogen is a microorganism that has ability to cause disease.
? - Virulence is a pathogen or microbes ability to infect or damage a host. It has a ability to cause disease. many virulence factors called effector proteins inject to host cells by secretion mechines (type 3 secretion system). This host medicated pathogens important to increase infection and mechanisms do damage the host tissues when the infection is increased. Microbial pathogenicity has a structural and biochemical mechanism to microorganisms to cause disease.
? - Viral protein involved in integration of virus genome into the host DNA. This virus is a provirus in the case of retroviruses the case of prokaryotic viruses. There are only 9 genes in the HIV RNA. These genes has a code to produce structural proteins that incorporated into the viral envelop and core plus enzyme like reverse transcriptase, integrase, and a crucial enzyme called a protease.
? - The body produces many mechanism that is impart no specific defense. this mechanism helps to prevent micro organism to enter into the body and destroy them to penetrate into the deep tissue. Fever is a non specific defense mechanism it developes in response to numerous traumas. Fever caused by substance called pyrogens that effect the hypothalamus in brain and cause high temperature. Because high fever belive to have a benifitial role it retards the growth of temperature sencetive micro organism it increases the metabolism of body cells while stimulate the immune reaction and process of phagocytosis.
? - There are two qualities for mechanism of bacterial pathogenicity. The ability to invade tissue :- Mechanism of colonization (multiplication). Pathogens usually colonize host tissue that are in contact with a exterrnal and environment. The ability to produce toxins, there are two type of toxines :- Exotoxin and Endotoxin. Exotoxin released from bactrial cells and act in tissue sites removed from the site of bactrial growth. Endotoxins may be released from growing bactrial cells and lysed as a result of effective host defense.
? - The virus contain protein that entering the cell. The influenza virus can spread easily beore immune system recognises that it is virus and to figt it. Some result shown was that cells became poorer at defending themselves against both influenza virus and other type of viruses. Little protein that has a mask the influenza virus from immune system it use it to combat auto immune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis and disease like lupus.
? - New medication that can identify cells that infected by virus and any type of viruses. when a virus infects a cell that create copies of a virus. the virus creates long strings of dsRNA these wont exist in animal cells.human cells have protein and stick to dsRNA, which set off a cascade of reactions that stop the viruses from replicating. some viruses that block the reaction. dsRNA binding protein with another cells destroy themselves. Might make the viral infection stop in its tracks. A protein a cell uses where in determines to become cancerous. when DRACO binds to dsRNA, it can signal the another end of DRCACO to destroy itself.