Masculine-themed words (such as competitive, independent, analyze, strong) are c
ID: 3309193 • Letter: M
Question
Masculine-themed words (such as competitive, independent, analyze, strong) are commonly used in job recruitment materials, especially for job advertisements in male-dominated areas (Gaucher, Friesen, & Kay, 2011). The same study found that these words also make the jobs less appealing to women. In a similar study, female participants were asked to read a series of job advertisements and then rate how interesting or appealing the job appeared to be. Half of the advertisements were constructed to include several masculine-themed words and the others were worded neutrally (1 = neutral ads; 2 = masculine ads). The average sample rating for each type of advertisement was obtained for each participant and difference scores were obtained. For n = 25 female participants, the mean for neutral ads = 11.32 and the mean for masculine ads = 10, with s = 2.5 for the difference scores. Do females prefer neutrally themed advertisements? Use a one-tailed test with = .01. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?What is/are the critical values. Do females prefer neutrally themed advertisements? Use a one-tailed test with = .01. What is the appropriate conclusion?
Explanation / Answer
Solution:-
State the hypotheses. The first step is to state the null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis.
Null hypothesis: Neutral< Masculine
Alternative hypothesis: Neutral > Masculine
Formulate an analysis plan. For this analysis, the significance level is 0.01. Using sample data, we will conduct a matched-pairs t-test of the null hypothesis.
Analyze sample data. Using sample data, we compute the standard deviation of the differences (s), the standard error (SE) of the mean difference, the degrees of freedom (DF), and the t statistic test statistic (t).
s = sqrt [ ((di - d)2 / (n - 1) ]
s = 2.5
SE = s / sqrt(n)
S.E = 0.50
DF = n - 1 = 25 -1
D.F = 24
t = [ (x1 - x2) - D ] / SE
t = 2.64
where di is the observed difference for pair i, d is mean difference between sample pairs, D is the hypothesized mean difference between population pairs, and n is the number of pairs.
Since we have a two-tailed test, the P-value is the probability that a t statistic having 24 degrees of freedom is more extreme than 2.64; that is, less than -2.64 or greater than 2.64.
Thus, the P-value = 0.0072.
Interpret results. Since the P-value (0.0072) is less than the significance level (0.01), we have to reject the null hypothesis.
From the above test we have sufficient evidence in the favor of claim that females prefer neutrally themed advertisements.