APPLYING YOUR NEW KNOWLEDGE 1. You have learned in this chapter that a urinary t
ID: 3480648 • Letter: A
Question
APPLYING YOUR NEW KNOWLEDGE 1. You have learned in this chapter that a urinary tract infection, or UTI, can be diagnosed with the aid of a urinalysis, which can detect bacteria or white blood cells in the urine. If left untreated, a UTI can cause permanent damage to the kidneys, posing a threat to all functions performed by the urinary system. Explain why the loss of kidney function (to both kidneys) can 2. A patient who loses the function of both kidneys can be placed on an artifcial dialysis regimen to replace the most essential kidney functions. Which functions are temporarily replaced by artificial dialysis? 3. a.Using Table 15.1, identify the diseases that result when the fltration membranes within the kidneys become damaged and are unable to restrict or regulate the movement/filtration of larger substances. b. What kinds of disorders cause damage to the filtration membrane? There are many diuretic under the brand name "Lasix"is commonly prescribed to patients for treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure and edema. a. Explain the physiological mechanism by which this drug works to treat these conditions. 4. drugs on the market.One of these drugs,"Furosemide" marketed b. How did this drug come by the name Las? Describe one possible side effect of using this drug AND why the drug causes this side effect. c.Explanation / Answer
Kidney failure is an incurable and fatal disease. In clinic, almost all the kidney failure patients know that kidney failure is deadly, but most of them know nothing about how kidney failure cause death.
When comes to the real cause of death among kidney failure patients, we have to talk about the severe complications of kidney failure, because most of the time, kidney failure do not kill sufferers directly, and it threaten patient’s life by causing a series of severe complications.
Literally, kidney failure means kidneys are failed and unable in working properly. Kidney failure is a illness in kidney, but in reality, it may involve all the systems or organs. Kidney is a bean-shaped organ with multiple functions like adjusting bood pressure, keeping balance of electrolyte and acid-base, secreting necessary hormone and discharging wastes in blood. When kidney function is affected properly, our body will lose its ability to work normally, as a result of which, various abnormal symptoms like high blood pressure, proteinuria, hematuria, anemia and decreased urine output and so on appear.
Besides, as one of the major functions of kidney is to discharge wastes, including toxins produced by our body like creatinine and urea nitrogen, when kidney failure is caused, toxins pile up in the blood. These toxins circulate with blood and may reach out any part of our body. It is common to hear that kidney failure patients complain they are suffering serious nausea, vomiting, poor appetite and bad taste in mouth. Actually, all these symptoms belong to digestive problems which occurs when toxins in blood affect digestive tract.
According to clinical survey, the leading cause of death for kidney failure patients is cardiovascular disease which is the most life-threatening complications of kidney failure. Common cardiovascular disease among kidney failure patients include heart failure, stroke and coronary heart disease. Therefore, having an effective prevention about these serious complications will help kidney failure paients to live a longer and better life.
Dialysis, is the process of removing, by artificial means, excess water, solutes and toxins from the blood in those whose native kidneys have lost the ability to perform those functions. This is referred to as renal replacement therapy.Dialysis may be used in those with rapidly developing loss of kidney function, called acute kidney injury, (previously called acute renal failure); or slowly worsening kidney function, called Stage 5 chronic kidney disease, (previously called chronic kidney failure and end-stage renal disease and end-stage kidney disease). Dialysis prevents the waste products in the blood from reaching hazardous levels. It can also remove toxins or drugs from the blood in an emergency setting.
Properly functioning kidneys prevent extra water, waste, and other impurities from accumulating in your body. They also help control blood pressure and regulate the levels of chemicals in the blood, such as sodium, or salt, and potassium. They even activate a form of vitamin D that improves the absorption of calcium.
When your kidneys can't perform these functions due to disease or injury, dialysis can help keep the body running as normally as possible. Without dialysis, salts and other waste products will accumulate in the blood and poison the body.
Table is not given
a.Diuretics (“water pills”) are the drugs which increase the urine out put (or) urine volume . Furosemide(Lasix- 40 mg tab, 20mg/2ml inj) acts on ascending limb of Henles loop. It acts by inhibiting Nacl- reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henles loop. It inhibits Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransport in the thick ascending limb of Henles loop because of which it is called is a loop diuretic. It greatly increase excretion of Na+ and Cl- in the urine.
Furosemide (4 - chloro - N - (2 - furyl - methyl) - 5 - sulfamoylanthranilic acid) caused a prompt increase in sodium, potassium, and chloride excretions in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. The most frequent presenting symptom for patients with CHF is dyspnea, which is often attributed to pulmonary edema and occurs in 93% of patients.The pulmonary and peripheral edema seen in CHF are the result of multiple physiologic disturbances. Decreased cardiac output leads to relative renal hypoperfusion that stimulates neurohormonal activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. Sodium and free water retention occur, resulting in an increase in both volume and pressure in capacitance vessels. Hydrostatic pressure elevation leads to fluid extravasation into peripheral tissues as well as the lungs. The Frank-Starling law describes the mechanism whereby a normal heart under a physiologic range of filling pressures increases stroke volume proportionally with an increase in preload. In contrast, in acute decompensated heart failure, a myopathic heart subjected to very elevated filling pressures is not able to effectively increase stroke volume. Acute elevation of left ventricular preload (end-diastolic pressure) directly leads to elevated left atrial pressures and pulmonary edema. Diuretics reduce intravascular volume, leading to a decrease in central venous pressure, right and left heart filling pressures, and pulmonary vascular pressures. Venous capacitance increases, and intrapulmonary fluid returns to the circulation. The left ventricular volume is smaller, and cardiac output typically increases. In the setting of mitral regurgitation, the reduced left ventricular volume improves mitral leaflet coaptation and decreases the regurgitant volume.
b. Lasix - Short for “lasts 6 hours” because of its 6-hour duration of action. So the name lasix derived.
c. Unusual dry mouth/ thirst is one of the side effect of lasix. This medication may cause a serious loss of body water (dehydration) and salt/minerals.
Hearing loss occurs because the medicine damages the cochlea in the inner ear . Hearing loss caused by an ototoxic medicine tends to develop quickly.