Disorders of the Nervous System and Special Senses Memo -Imagine you are an offi
ID: 3482217 • Letter: D
Question
Disorders of the Nervous System and Special Senses Memo -Imagine you are an official in a hospital or public health agency. -Write a memo, at least 350 words in length, to a fictional colleague in which you use 5 words from the below. Nervous Encephalon sulcus Cerebellum precentral postcentral. contralateral. Neurosis Psychosis Schizophrenia Antipsychotic Bifida Congenital Neuropathology Iris Optic blepharitis Ophthalmoscope Myopia Auditory -Be sure to use the words in such a way that it is clear to the reader that you know the exact meaning of each of the 5 words. Note: without Plagiarism pleas 350 words
Explanation / Answer
Nervous system has maily two parts- 1.Central Nervous System-CNS and 2.Perpheral Nervous System-PNS
CNS includes brain and spinal chord which is named so becasue it recives information from entire body and coordinates and influence activities of all parts of the body.Brain is structurally looking like made up of multiple sulci and gyri.
PNS consists various nerves and peripheral ganglions.
Brain is developed from neural tube and can be divided in 3 parts developmentally:
1.Forebrain/prosencephalon:Further divided in telencephalon and diencephalon giving rise to amygdala,basal ganglia,lateral ventricles and thalamus,hypothalamus,pitutary,pineal glans ,third ventricle respectivly
2.Mesencephalon/midbrain-giveing rise to tectum,pre-tectum,cerebral peduncle and mesencephalic duct etc..
3.Rhombencephalon/hindbrain:Further divided into metencephalon giving rise to pons,cerebellum and myelencephalon giving rise to medulaa oblongata and continue below as spinal chord
Apart from this two pairs of cranial nerves-The olfactory and optic are often considered as structures of CNS,simply because they do not synapse to peripheral ganglia but directly on central nervous nurons.
Now lets discuss various diseases of nerous system and special senses:
1.Congenital Connecting or non-connecting Hydocephalus-enlarged head and raised intracranial pressure resulting in severe headache
2.Spina bifida-Opening in verebral canal resulting in protrusion of meniges/nervous tissue may be called as meningocele/meningimylocele,nerve tissue disorganised
3.Cerebral palsy- seizures,visual or auditory defects,may be of any below mentioned varient or mix
Spatic:tense muscles,reflexes exagerrated
Athetoid-Uncontrolable persistant movements,tremors
Atactic-poor muscular co-ordination,saggering gait
1.Menigitis:High fever,chills,severe headache,stiff neck,nausea,vomiting,rash,delerium,convulsion,coma.
2.Encephalitis: Many times due to viral etiology,Mid-severe headache,fever,cerebral dysfucnction,delirium,persistant drowsiness etc..
3.Poliomyeliis: An arboviral disease,GI disturbances,headache,paresis,possible paralysis
Neuropathology: Due to efferents in the ant.horn cells of spinal chord affected by polio virus.
4.Tetanus: Rigidity of muscles,started with jaw than entire body affected,stiff neck,difficulty in swallowing
1.TIA: MIni-stroke,visual distubances,sensory impairments,paresis and paralysis for few min. to hours recovers within 24 hours
2.CV stroke: May be ischemic or hemmorahgic many times resulting in paralysis of contralateral side of body for example if left side of brain affected by CV stroke right leg/hand got paralyzed.
1.Alzhiemer's disease: Progessive Memory loss,mood
2.Parkinson Disease: tremors,impared balance,shuffeling gait
Neuropathology-Due to imbalance of nuroransmitter-Dopamine
Conventionally on the basis of touch with reality they are divided into two categories:
1.Psychosis-they are not having insight that they are having problm,like schizophrenia,manic depressive psychosis,disassociative identity disorder,
2.Nerosis-they have insight of prblemlike anxietyu nerosis,phobia,obsessive compulsive disorder,deprssion,eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or bullemia etc...
Though now-a-days these strict categorization is being of less value as many of them having intermingling features and borderline features as well.
Schizophrania:
A chronic and severe mental health disorder that affecta how a person thinks,feels and behaves.
Neuropathology:
Nurotransmitters imbalance between glutamate-inhibitory one and dopamine-exitatory one
Sings and symptoms:
Positive symptoms includes hallucination,delusion,thought disorders,movement disoprders like agitations,tremors.
Negative symptoms include flat mood,anhedonia-reduced feeling of pleasure,reduced speech etc..
Treatment:
Antipsychotics drugs haloperidol and newer among them like aripiprazole,clozapine,olanzapine,risperidone etc..