Choose the correct option for each part and explain why it is the answer: Part 1
ID: 3518549 • Letter: C
Question
Choose the correct option for each part and explain why it is the answer:
Part 1. Weakness in the intensive care unit, can be caused by all of the following except?
a. Inactivity per se.
b. Muscle wasting can due to a hypocatabolic states, caused by improved nutrient delivery combined with decreased metabolic demands.
c. Protein catabolism can be induced by abnormal levels of circulating peptides in patients with sepsis or trauma.
d. Muscle force assessment with repeated stimulations.
e. Associated with a neuromuscular disorder, either preexisting or arising de novo during critical illness.
Part 2. Which of the following is considered as not true relative to the concept of pharmacological pre- conditioning mechanisms?
a. Delta opioid treatment may be myocardial protective, may prolong organ preservation times, preserves muscle mass, minimizes ischemic damage.
b. The delta opiate agonist, DADLE (D-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin) induces functional benefits similar to hibernation induction triggers (HIT): e.g., it can induces hibernation and other effects.
c. Pharmacological pre-treatments can induce membrane stabilization, protection against oxygen free radicals, alters calcium homeostasis, ATP preservation.
d. DNA and protein synthesis (ubiquitin) can be stimulated.
e. Increases tissue metabolism.
Part 3. Which of the following statements is false concerning a typical cardioplegia procedure?
a. The cardioplegia can be directly administered into the ascending aorta under high pressure and aortic clamp should be place to direct flow towards the valve.
b. The cardioplegia should be warmed so to ensure that the contained calcium is well dissolved.
c. The cardioplegia should contain multiple ions and have a higher concentration than normal of potassium.
d. One should vent the heart circulation at some location, so to not to over pressurize the heart during the administration of cardioplegia.
Explanation / Answer
1. b. Muscle wasting occurs due to hyper catabolism. Increased nutrient delivery helps in healing in patients. Decreased nutrient delivery causes illness in ICU patients.
2. e. Pharmacological preconditioning decreases tissue metabolism.
3. a. Cardioplegia should not be directly administered into aorta as it may lead to artery dissection and further danger may occur.