Please Answer All, otherwise pass on. Thank you! 1. Describe the anatomic locati
ID: 3524483 • Letter: P
Question
Please Answer All, otherwise pass on. Thank you!
1. Describe the anatomic location of the pancreas relative to the other organs in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity.
2. Describe the functional anatomy of the duct system that conveys bile from the liver and digestive juice from the pancreas to the lumen of the duodenum.
3. Briefly outline the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas.
4. Describe the hormonal control of the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice during the digestive process.
5. Explain why proteases are secreted in an inactive state and describe the means by which proteases are activated in the stomach and small intestine.
Explanation / Answer
1, ANATOMIC LOCATION OF PANCREAS
Pancreas is a 6 inch long , elongated and tapered organ which is located in the back of abdomen , behind the stomach and liver levelled with top of small intestine also borders liver , spleen and kidneys .The Right side of organ (Head) widest part of the pancreas is on right side of the abdomen connected to duodenum narrow end of pancreas is called tail extend to left side of body.
2. The bile is secreted by the hepatic cells that passes onto the hepatic duct later stored in gall bladder . the cystic duct ( duct of gall bladder ) along with the hepatic duct forms the common bile duct , The bile duct and the pancreatic duct opens into the duodenum as hepato-pancreatic duct . In this way secretion of both the bile and the pancreatic juice into the duodeum takes place
3. Exocrine functions - The pancreas produces enzymes that are important for the digestion. this juice contains a variety of enzymes like trypsinogen , chymotrypsinogen , procarboxy peptidases , amylases , lipases and nucleases . trypsinogen is activated by enzume enterokinase which is secreted by intestinal wall trypsin in turn activates other enzymes in pancreatic juice . trypsin digest the proteins , amylase digest carbohydrates , lipases digest fats , nucleases digest nucleic acids .
Endocrine functions - It consist of islets cells which create and releases hormone into the blood stream . Two hormones are - INSULIN , GLUCAGON
INSULIN - which helps in lowering the glucose levels
GLUCAGON - which helps in increasing glucose level
* both work together to maintain sugar level in the body
4. The bile juice is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder . Cholecystokinin is the hormone that regulate secretion of the bile and pancreatic juice it is secreted by the cells in intestine . when fats are consumed the fatty acids stimulate te release of this hormone . Same cells also secrete the secretin which also stimulate the pancreas . Finally gastrin synthesized by stomach cells also helps pancreas to release its pancreatic juice . Cholecystokinin , gastrin and secretin these three chemical stimulate the pancreas to release its juice .
5. Proteases also called as the peptidases its a enzyme which causes the catabolism of protein by hydrolysis of peptide bond . It is useful for break down of peptide into amini acids that are absorbed by the body . They are secreted in an inactive from as they can be dangerous to the cells they are secreted from as they can digest their proteins Hence pancreas produces zymogens that prevent them from digesting cell protein and later they are released in the small intestine where it is activated .