Please answer each question in detail with at least a few sentences (no copying
ID: 3737325 • Letter: P
Question
Please answer each question in detail with at least a few sentences (no copying and pasting please).
1) Briefly explain the format, features, and the reasons for using IP version 6 (IPV6). Please provide an example.
2) How does multicast differ from unicast and broadcast?
3) What does the /release switch do when used with ipconfig? What does the /renew switch do when used with ipconfig?
4) What is the difference between nslookup and dig? What is the difference between Ping and Tracert?
5) If a ping test fails, what should you do?
Explanation / Answer
1.
FORMAT FORMAT OF IPV6
An internet protocol version 6 address has a size of 128 bits which are represented in the form of X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X where each X is a hexadecimal piece of 16 bits, eight of which, together form the complete address.
The range of an IPv6 address is 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff.
There are shorter formats of representing an IPv6 address, for example the omit leading zeros format in which all the zeros leading in the address parts are deleted, violin another method of double colon, a series of zeros in an address part can be omitted and represented by a double colon.
For example,
AA01:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:00B1
can be written as
AA01:0:0:0:0:0:0:B1
and also as
AA01::B1
FEATURES OF IPv6
1. IPv6 provides a very large address space as it uses 4 times more BITS in addressing then IP V4. It can almost provide IP addresses for almost all the systems in the world without any problems.
2. It is capable of providing end to end connectivity by removing the need of intermediate translating components. It makes possible for one device to directly reach out to another device anywhere in the world directly.
3. All the unnecessary information in the header in IPv6 has been put at the end of the header which has made faster routing possible by ignoring the unnecessary information and metadata.
4. A System Operating IPv6 is capable of automatically configuring itself in both stateful and stateless mode which removes the necessity of a DHCP server.
5. IPSec feature has been integrated with IPv6 to provide extra security and do this feature is not compulsory, it is still widely used.
6. IPv6 supports anycast but has no support for broadcast. It is able to connect to multiple hosts by using multicast.
7. Every device globally has a unique IPv6 address. This improves the mobility of the mobile devices which can keep themselves connected to the internet using the same IP address over changes in regions and geography.
REASONS FOR USING IPV6
1. IPv6 has a very high capacity of addressing which is much greater than IP V4 and covers the Global requirements quite satisfactorily.
2. IPv6 can provide efficient routing and help one host to connect to a system directly without the need of intermediaries.
3. IPv6 uses less bandwidth than IP v4 as it uses large data packets.
4. IPv6 has a much more efficient error detection through checksum and packet processing as compared to its predecessors.
5. While the address and network configuration in a IPv6 network is fully automatic, it also provides a bonus in the form of heightened security and multiple layers off firewall to ensure integrity of data and authentication of sender and receiver.
2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNICAST AND BROADCAST
Unicast is a one to one form of communication in which the host sends the data packet to a particular receiver based on a well-defined IP address. No other node on the network is allowed to receive the data packet intended for a particular receiver.
It has one source and one destination.
On the other hand broadcast is different from unicast as it has one source and all destinations. One host sends the data packet which is intended for all the notes on the network. It is one to all form of communication.
While traffic is streamed from a single point on the network to a single end point such as a client, in a unicast form of communication, on the other hand, in a broadcast form of communication the data is streaming from a single point to all the possible and points within the reach of the network.
An example of a unicast is a one to one call made on voice over internet protocol or VoIP. On the other hand the distribution of audio and video by television networks can be referred to as a broadcast.
3.
/release Switch in ipconfig
It is used to release a particular IP address buy a client and make it available in the DHCP server for assigning to other nodes. The old clients IP address is marked available and is then given to another client if required.
/renew Switch in ipconfig
It is executed when a client requests for allotment of a new IP address. A list of available IP address is checked in the DHCP server, and the first available IP address is allotted to the client on successful authentication.
4.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN nslookup AND dig.
The entire Domain Name System (DNS) message is visible through dig but nslookup provides only Limited information. This detailed information provided by dig can be used to figure out difficult issues and problems.
While both are readily available in Linux, dig is not a built-in command in Windows like nslookup.
While the use of nslookup deprecated over time, dig is quite a new tool.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PING AND TRACERT
Ping is a very easy way to determine or know if a given server or host or a node on the network is online or not and also how much time will it take to send and receive packets to that given node.
On the other hand Tracert is quite different from ping is it maps the exact route taken by a data package, and also calculate the time elapsed in the hops , while the packet is travelling from the host to the client.
While ping determine the speed of communication, tracert determines the exact route taken by the data packet in the communication.
5. WHAT SHOULD WE DO IF PINPING TEST FAILS?
If a ping test fails, one should take the following steps. One should take the following steps
1. Check for any loose connections or lack of connectivity to the router.
2. Check for inconsistency in the modem or the router, and restart it if required.
3. Use a certified and good antivirus program to check for issues within the system software.
4. Try checking the firewall for if the ICMP our internet control message protocol is blocked, and provide an exception for it if it is blocked.
5. If the Ping test still fails, try resetting the DHCP.