Can someone help me... Please and Thank you!! 1. Under what circumstances would
ID: 445905 • Letter: C
Question
Can someone help me... Please and Thank you!!
1. Under what circumstances would it be useful to find evidence that refutes a hypothesis as to find evidence that supports it? Give an example. To go further, can you imagine research that starts with the aim of finding evidence that refutes a hypothesis? Give an example.
2. Read the twenty-first century health challenge of slums and cities by Elliott D. Sclar, Pietro Garau, and Gabriella Carolini, by going to the following Web site: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dludden/SlumHealth.pdf
Identify the strengths and weaknesses of reliance on quantitative data for this type of research design. Do you agree with the conclusions of this report? Justify your position with rationale.
As a healthcare manager at one of the inner city hospitals in the U.S., how will you use data and conclusions from this study?
Explanation / Answer
1) Scientists and philosophres of science share a concern for evidence evalution and scientiffic progress. their goals how ever are quite different . The philosaphers find the process of science intrensically interested.
most are not trying to'' starightan out".the scientists are tell them how science should be done .
some of thier conclutions do have possible implications for scientiffic methode, but scientists tell them seldom. ..listen .perhaps scientists reactions are some what analogous to those of creative writers toward literacy critics and acadamic literacy analysis. often the doer is unappericiative of the outside reviwer.
Different types hypothesis of evaluation cretiria.(carnap 1966).A universal law such as all"revens are black" is best tested by seeking a single exception .in contrast, A statestical law . Such as " all most all revens are black" .or 99% of revens are black. reqires a statestical test that compares observed frequencies to hypothesized frequenceis.
critical thinking skills and mistakes begun in childhood survive the rransision to adult . naive conceptions do not simply disapper when a more mature thinking skill is developed. they must be conciously recognised as wrong and deleberatly replaced.
the most important child hood development in resioning skill is obtaining concious control over the intraction between theory and evidence (khun et al 1988) . immaturure thinking fails to distinguish between theory and evidence the reserchers needs three skills for relate evidence to hyphonsis effectively .
1) the evidence must be analized independently of the hyphonthesis.before evaluating the relationship between data and hypthonthesis .
2) one most be able to think about a hyponthesis rather than just with it . if one allowes the hypothensis to guide interpretetion of the evidence.
objective evidence evalution is impossible.
3) while considering the impact of evidence in the hyponthesis one must be able to ignore personal openion of the effected hypothesis.
2) one of the key 21st century challenges in population health is the challenge of improving thecondition global urban condition ,starting in 2007.and for the first time in human history. the majority of the world population will live in urban areas according to the latest UN projections bt 2030. the worlds urban population will incres by more than two billion while rural population will declaine by about 20 million.
this sift is largely the culmination of a rapid global urbanisation process that has been underway for more than 250 years.
Acording to estimates prepared by the UN human settlements programme ( UN -HABITAT), about a third of worlds estimated three billion current urban recidents dwell i slums are places are charactarised by one are more of these short incommings. : insecurity of tenture pure stractural housing conditions.
diffecint access to safe drinking water and santation and severe overcrowding
communicable deseases is major problem in urban populations in slum and general populations in particular .