Relative to electrons and electron states, what does each of the four quantum nu
ID: 476804 • Letter: R
Question
Relative to electrons and electron states, what does each of the four quantum numbers specify? Briefly cite the main differences between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding. State the Pauli exclusion principle. With regard to electron configuration, what do all the elements in Group VIIA of the periodic table in common? Give the electron configurations for the following: Fe and Fe^2+, Al and Al and Al^3+, Cu and Cu^+, Ba and Ba^2+, Br and Br^-, O and O^2-. Determine whether each of the electron configurations given below is an inert gas, a halogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a transition metal (without consulting related figures and tables). Justify your choices. 1s^2 2s^22p^63s^23p^63d^74s^2 1s^2s^2p^63s^23p^6 1s^22s^2ps^5 1s^22s^2p^63s^2 1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^63d^24s^2 1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^1Explanation / Answer
A quantum number is a value that is used when describing the energy levels available to atoms and molecules
There are four quantum numbers:
n - principal quantum number - describes the energy level
- azimuthal or angular momentum quantum number - describes the subshell
m or m - magnetic quantum number - describes the orbital of the subshell
ms or s - spin quantum number - describes the spin
In otherwords,
The n quantum number designates the electon shell
The l quantum number designates the electron sub shell
The ml quantum number designates the number of electron states in each electron sub shell
The ms quantum number designates the spin moment on each electron
The allowed values for the quantum numbers of electrons as follows
n = 1,2,3 …….
l = 0,1,2,3……n-1
ml = 0, +/-1, +/- 2, +/- 3, ……+/-l
ms = +/- ½
2.
A covalent bond is also known as shared bonding. Here, a pair of electrons or one electron is paired with two atomic nuclei. In this type of bonding, there is an attraction between negatively charged electrons and positively charged atoms. In otherwords covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between two nonmetals.
Ionic bonding, does not involve sharing but transferring. This type of bonding causes one atom to have a positive charge and another a negative charge. In otherwords it is a type of bond that can often form between metal and nonmetal atoms through electrostatic attraction
Metallic bonds are a special category of covalent bonds, which occur in metals.This leads to giant structures of metal atoms arranged in a regular pattern. The outer shell electrons of metals are delocalised (free to move around). This is what gives metals their characteristic properties: shine, malleability and ductility, excellent conduction of heat and electricity, etc.
Paulis exclusion principle
The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that, in an atom or molecule, no two electrons can have the same four electronic quantum numbers. As an orbital can contain a maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins.