I need help writing a narrative essay in the concepts you learned in a Genetics
ID: 50792 • Letter: I
Question
I need help writing a narrative essay in the concepts you learned in a Genetics course and especially I need the following concepts included:
A modern approach to understanding the nature and functioning of hereditary material in living organisms. Biochemistry of genetic material, physical basis of inheritance, and mode of expression of genetic material in individuals and populations.
basically what i need like a summary of all the learned concepts of a genetics course.
if you have questions comment me for more details.
Explanation / Answer
Genetics is commonly divided into three areas: classical, molecular, and population, although molecular advancements have blurred these distinctions.
Genetics is commonly divided into three areas: classical, molecular, and population, although molecular advancements have blurred these distinctions located in a linear fashion on chromosomes and that the relative positions of genes can be determined by their frequency in offspring.
Molecular genetics is the study of the genetic material: its structure, replication, and expression, as well as the information revolution emanating from the discoveries of recombinant DNA techniques (genetic engineering, including the Human Genome Project).
Evolutionary genetics is the study of the mechanisms of evolutionary change, or changes in gene frequencies
in populations. Darwin’s concept of evolution by natural selection finds a firm genetic footing in this area of the study of inheritance.
Classical genetics: Gregor Mendel discovered the basic rules of transmission genetics in 1866 by doing carefully controlled breeding experiments with the garden pea plant, Pisumsativum. He found that traits, such as pod color, were controlled by genetic elements that we now call genes. Alternative forms of a gene are called alleles.
Mendel also discovered that adult organisms have two copies of each gene (diploid state); gametes receive just
one of these copies (haploid state). In other words, one of the two parental copies segregates into any given gamete.Upon fertilization, the zygote gets one copy from each gamete, reconstituting the diploid number.When Mendel looked at the inheritance of severa ltraits at the same time, he found that they were inherited independently of each other. His work has been distilled into two rules, referred to as segregation and independent assortment.
Molecular Genetics: With the exception of some viruses, the genetic material of all cellular organisms is double-stranded DNA, a double helical molecule shaped like a twisted ladder. The backbones of the helices are repeating units of sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups. The rungs of the ladder are base pairs, with one base extending from each backbone. Only four bases normally occur in DNA: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, abbreviated A,T, G, and C, respectively. There is no restriction on the order of bases on one strand. However, a relationship called complementarity exists between bases forming a rung. If one base of the pair is adenine, the
other must be thymine; if one base is guanine, the othermust be cytosine
Evolutionary Genetics: From a genetic standpoint, evolution is the change in allelic frequencies in a population over time. Charles Darwin described evolution as the result of natural selection. In the 1920s and 1930s, geneticists, primarily Sewall Wright, R. A. Fisher, and J. B. S. Haldane, provided algebraic models to describe evolutionary processes. The marriage of Darwinian theory and population genetics has been termed neo-Darwinism.
In 1908,G. H. Hardy and W.Weinberg discovered that a simple genetic equilibrium occurs in a population if the
population is large, has random mating, and has negligible effects of mutation, migration, and natural selection. This equilibrium gives population geneticists a baseline for comparing populations to see if any evolutionaryprocesses are occurring.
We can formulate a statement to describe the equilibrium condition: If the assumptions are met, the population will not experience changes in allelic frequencies, and these allelic frequencies will accurately predict the frequencies of genotypes (allelic combinations in individuals, e.g., AA, Aa, or aa) in the population.