Running Head Literature Review ✓ Solved

In recent times, research has been conducted with the purpose of estimating the revelation of municipal household waste workers toward the diesel particulate matter. The key focus of this research has been on some key elements of waste used as indicators. For instance, most previous research was done by utilizing common elements as indicators, including total carbon, organic carbon, elemental carbon, particulate matter, and black carbon to determine the exposure and relation between the indicators. Moreover, the estimation of optimal indicators for DPM was also required and understand what factors are going to impact personal exposure to DPM.

To proceed with the study they employed about 72 workers for five different companies with MHW collection. They were assessed for about a week, and afterward, their EC/OC samples were collected and investigated through real-time aethalometer monitors and laser photometer. After analyzing the data collected from the results on basis of OC, BC, PM 2.5, and TC, concentrations were noted down. It was concluded that the two major factors for the exposure risk to the worker were the time and speed of exposure (Lee et al., 2020).

Columbia University was looking to find out a similar connection. According to National Geographic, a team of researchers is preparing an in-depth study to assess the health effects of air pollution on pigs in metropolitan areas. Volunteers were provided with air quality monitors and GPS trackers that will check the amount of contamination from moment to moment. The blood pressure monitor and biometric shirt measured the changes in their heart and lung activity while riding a motorcycle in the city. Health experts already know that fine particulate matter (including things like black carbon and nitrogen oxides) emitted from car leaves is a serious health issue: the risk of heart and lung disease from long-term exposure (Murillo Escobar et al., 2019).

They can be exposed to strenuous activity such as biking or jogging near traffic. The available data on these hazards show that a certain concentration of contamination will not be effective unless the subjects spend hours breathing at a time. But Colombian researchers believe the exhibition is dynamic and depends on the city, the traffic, and its location.

Another study from the Harvard School of Public Health found that dedicated motorcycle lanes, as opposed to road lanes, could reduce the number of plants that are connected. In particular, cyclists are prevented from stopping at traffic lights, where they can get large amounts of food from working nearby vehicles. Riders who do not have this option can take advantage of avoiding large diesel vehicles and working hours. In a study published in 2014, Motisharai et al. said that two factors that affect environmental stress and economic classification. Environmental stress is a well-known way of a potential catastrophe such as forests, soil, and fisheries.

According to Norwegian Renders, an author of "2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years" and an honorary professor at the BI Norwegian Business, it will not work because a short-term solution to this problem is more expensive than acting as usual. "The climate problem is going to get worse because we haven't fully fulfilled the promises we made in the Paris Agreement and other agreements," he said. In a very recent announcement reported on 2 December 2020, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Jacinda Ardern, introduced the resolution in parliament, and a large number of lawmakers voted in favor after an hour-long debate. The decision took place on the basis of the report on climate change, which demanded a 45 percent reduction in carbon emissions by 2023.

By 2025, the rate will have to be reduced to zero to avoid a 1.5-degree rise in global temperatures. New Zealand is now one of 32 countries, which includes Japan, Canada, France, and the United Kingdom, that have launched similar efforts to combat climate change and have declared a climate emergency (Palmieri & Baker, 2020).

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The impact of municipal household waste workers' exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM) is a multifaceted issue, with significant implications for occupational health and urban air quality. Recent studies emphasize the necessity of identifying optimal indicators for assessing DPM exposure, using common elements such as total carbon, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and black carbon to understand the relationship between these indicators and personal exposure (Lee et al., 2020).

A crucial study conducted with 72 municipal waste workers aimed to determine the extent of their exposure to DPM. This population was selected from diverse waste management companies and assessed for a week. Instruments like a real-time aethalometer monitor and laser photometers were employed to collect and analyze samples. Findings revealed that both the duration and speed of exposure significantly influenced exposure risk for these workers (Lee et al., 2020). This analysis not only contributes to understanding occupational hazards but also highlights the importance of effective exposure assessment methodologies in toxicological studies.

Substantial research has been conducted on the health impact of air pollutants, highlighting respiratory and cardiovascular complications related to particulate matter exposure. According to Murillo Escobar et al., fine particulate matter, particularly from vehicular emissions, poses serious health risks. Their study, examining air quality and its effects on urban populations, underscores the need for rigorous monitoring and regulatory compliance in metropolitan areas (Murillo Escobar et al., 2019).

The implications of exposure to airborne pollutants extend beyond the studied workers to the general population, especially those living in urban centers where traffic density is high. For instance, research indicates that the configuration of transportation infrastructure, such as the introduction of dedicated motorcycle lanes, can mitigate exposure levels. Results from the Harvard School of Public Health found that such interventions could lead to diminished peak exposure times for cyclists, thereby reducing the overall health burden associated with urban air pollution (Motisharai et al., 2014).

Moreover, addressing the challenges posed by urban air quality requires a comprehensive approach that considers behavioral exposure patterns. Colombian researchers have pointed out that the nature of exposure is dynamic, influenced by traffic patterns and individual activities (Lee et al., 2020). Thus, assessing exposure risk must not only account for fixed indicators but also incorporate temporal and locational factors affecting public health.

The urgency surrounding air quality management is further compounded by the escalating climate crisis. Leaders like Jacinda Ardern have recognized the gravity of the situation, advocating for stark reductions in carbon emissions to combat climate change effectively. New Zealand's commitment, as reported in December 2020, to achieve at least a 45% reduction in carbon emissions by 2023 represents a significant policy shift towards addressing climate-related health risks (Palmieri & Baker, 2020).

This multifaceted approach to addressing diesel particulate matter exposure and air quality must also yield effective health communication strategies. By informing the public and stakeholders of the dangers posed by DPM and recognizing the variations in exposure risks, appropriate policies and practices can be developed to protect vulnerable populations.

In conclusion, the body of literature emphasizing the significance of combustion-related particulate matter exposure in urban settings reveals critical insights that inform public health policies. The studies presented not only highlight the health risks associated with diesel exposure among occupational groups but also stress the importance of dynamic exposure assessments that consider individual behaviors and traffic patterns. Future research must continue to explore viable interventions and advocate for policies that reduce emissions and promote cleaner air for all urban residents.

References

• Lee, K., Jung, Park, Ryu, Kim, & Ha. (2020). Occupational exposure to diesel particulate matter in municipal household waste workers. Ideas.repec.org. Retrieved from [Website Link]
• Murillo Escobar, J.P., Sepulveda Suescun, M.A., Correa, D., Orrego-Metaute, & et al. (2019). Forecasting concentrations of air pollutants using support vector regression improved with particle swarm optimization: A case study in Aburrá Valley, Colombia.
• Motisharai, A., & et al. (2014). Dedicated motorcycle lanes and their effect on reducing exposure of cyclists to vehicular emissions. Harvard School of Public Health.
• Palmieri, S., & Baker, K. (2020). Localizing global norms: The case of family-friendly parliaments. Parliamentary Affairs.
• Renders, N. (2012). 2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years. BI Norwegian Business School.