For the final exam, you will write a report on the topic below and address all t
ID: 124343 • Letter: F
Question
For the final exam, you will write a report on the topic below and address all the questions. Your report should be no less than 6 pages (not including the title page and the references). It should be double-spaced, 12 font, Times New Roman. Support your paper with credible outside resources. Healthy People Exercise Select one of the Healthy People 2020 10 Leading Health Indicators. Review the materials presented on the indicator you choose on the Healthy People 2020 website: www.healthypeople.gov. Use the following bullets as headings and write the paper in a question-answer format in the following order. 1. Briefly describe the problem indicating the “burden of disease” including morbidity and mortality and changes that have occurred in recent years. 2. Briefly describe the course of the disease or condition using the concepts of incidence, prevalence and case-fatality. If these concepts are not relevant to your subject explain what they mean and why they are not relevant 3. Identify at least two at-risk groups (those with an increased probability of developing and/or experiencing bad outcomes). Use the concept of relative risk and calculate or obtain relative risks to describe their probability of developing the condition or specific disease(s) relative to a specific low risk group. 4. Identify 5-8 options for potential interventions to address the problem. For each of the options identify the primary focus in terms of When (Primary, secondary or tertiary prevention), Who (individual, at-risk group, population) and How (education, motivation, obligation, invention). Number each of the potential interventions. Identify each option then bullet or create a table giving your answers to When, Who and How for each option. 5. From these potential interventions select 3 to 4 that you identify as most effective. Specifically indicate the advantages and disadvantages of each intervention that you selected and why you think they would be effective. Identify each option then bullet the advantages and disadvantages 6. Indicate methods that you would use to implement the options that you have selected in #5 7. Use formal citations for Web sites and other references numbering the citation in the text and placing the citation at the end of the paper. For at least three of your most commonly used citations evaluate each one separately indicating each component of quality using the criteria presented in Public Health 101: Healthy People
Explanation / Answer
Healthy people 2020 is a told of healthy indicators and many healthy practices set as national goals to keep the Americans healthy. This 10 year health plan have 42 topic areas with around 1200 objectives. One of its small set of objectives named as Leading health indicators to teach people about the priorities in health and healthy interventions to stay fit and healthy. The list of healthy indicators are as follows;
1) Access to healthcare services - people with health insurance and services from primary health care providers
2) Clinical preventive services like early screening for colorectal cancer, breast cancer, diagnose hypertension and diabetes and immunization of children
3) Environmental quality like analysis of air quality index and exposure of children to second hand smoking
4) Injury and violence like homicidal rates, cases of injuries
5) Maternal , infant and child health like understanding the mortality rates and number of preterm child births
6) Mental health indicators like suicidal rates, number of adolescents with episodes of depression
7) Oral health like children and adults who have visited the dentist
8) Nutrition,physical activity and obesity like obesity rates among children adolescents and adults, adults undertaking physical exercise and healthy eating habits
9) Reproductive and sexual health like sexually active women receiving reproductive health services
10) Substance abuse among adolescents and adults
1 - Burden of diseases are being calculated as a time based measure combined as years of life lost with premature mortality and years of life lost due to status of lesser health.
There are top 10 diseases which cause dramatic increase in mortality and morbidity among the global population. Out of the ten, ischemic heart diseases and stroke are the biggest killers in the list followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, respiratory communicable diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, mental disorders, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, Road Traffic Accidents. These all diseases can be prevented or controlled with few changes to the life style, food habits and regular exercises.
2 - Incidence refers to the frequency or rates of new diseases which occur during certain period of time
Prevalence is the number of cases which exists in a group of population within a stipulated period or particular date and time
Case fatality is the proportion of deaths within a particular group of population ,cases with a medical conditions within a course of time.
A new case for example diabetes in a group of population is incidence while the number of already existing people with diabetes are prevalence and the number of deaths related to diabetes is the case fatality.
3 - Some population or group of people who can easily contract the diseases because of the age, immunity status ,low nutritional status and existing comorbidities which can make them as high risk groups.
The risk groups are children under 5, pregnant women, infants, patients with low immunity like HIV/AIDS, cancer, and non-immune migrants, mobile population and travellers.
Relative risk is the probability of occurrence of illness in an exposed group to the number of cases occurred in a non exposed group.
For example, incidence of lung cancer among smokers to non smokers. The relative risk of lung cancer is high among the high risk group of smokers who can have the high probability of developing lung cancer than the relatively low risk groups who are not exposed to the high risk factor of smoking.
4- Possible interventions
Interventions starts from the point of prevention of illness
Preventive aspects like screening of high risk groups, education about healthy food habits, physical exercises, vaccination, environmental cleanliness. These interventions act as primary interventions as it help in preventing illness at the earliest and keep oneself fit and healthy.
Secondary or tertiary interventions like availability and accessibility to health care services with cost effectiveness. It is the responsibility of the government to implement policies to strengthen the healthcare regulations. Primary health care providers within the reach of public is very important to avail the services at the early stage of illness.
It is also very important to educate the people about the significance of healthy lifestyle and food habits. The government can imply laws to make stringent rules to make the individual people to undergo yearly screening and participate in health surveys conducted by government to understand the disease load on the population.
5) Advantages of early screening can help to understand oneself health status and early stage of the disease, this can Ake them undergo treatment. Necessary steps to change their life styles and active participation in health related aspects
Disadvantages like involving cost for the screening and follow up treatment.